Energy is one of the most fundamental and important parts of the social infrastructure. However, factors such as economic progress and the changing nature of society are making the requirements for energy more diverse. Th e following are fi ve common challenges and customer requirements. (1) Th e provision of reliable electric power in response to rising demand, particularly in emerging economies. (2) Dealing with global warming (3) Maintaining grid stability despite challenges such as the increased use of renewable energy (4) Dealing with aging equipment (5) Introduction of market principles to reduce electricity prices through competition As the nature of these challenges and requirements vary widely depending on the customer’s circumstances and other factors, the solutions lie not only in past business models based on the supply of equipment, but also demand open innovation involving the collaborative creation with customers and other external stakeholders of solutions to shared challenges, and thinking in terms of total solutions that combine operation technology (OT) with information technology (IT). Hitachi established its Energy Solutions Company in April 2015 to engage in businesses in the electric power sector alongside its conventional equipment supply business.

What are power systems

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is set to be one of the most disruptive technology paradigms since the advent of the Internet itself. Market research company Gartner estimates that around 4.9 billion connected things will be in use in 2015, and around 25 billion by 2020. While there are substantial opportunities accompanying IoT, spanning from Healthcare to Energy, there are an equal number of concerns regarding the security and privacy of this plethora of ubiquitous devices. In this position paper we approach security and privacy in IoT from a different perspective to existing research, by considering the impact that IoT may have on the growing problem of insider threat within enterprises. Our specific aim is to explore the extent to which IoT may exacerbate the insider-threat challenge for organisations and overview the range of new and adapted attack vectors. Here, we focus especially on (personal) devices which insiders bring and use within their employer's enterprise. As a start to addressing these issues, we outline a broad research agenda to encourage further research in this area.

/pdf/smart-insiders-exploring-the-threat-from-insiders-using-the-40rye80bti.pdf

Smart Insiders: Exploring the Threat from Insiders Using the Internet-of-Things

Security of Power Line Communication systems: Issues, limitations and existing solutions

Electric grids in the future will be highly integrated with information and communications technology. The increase in use the of information technology is expected to enhance reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of the future electric grid through the implementation of sophisticated monitoring and control strategies. However, it also comes at a price that the grid becomes more vulnerable to cyber-intrusions which may damage the physical system. This chapter provides an overview of cyberattacks on power systems from a system theoretical perspective by focusing on the tight coupling between the physical system and the communication network. It is demonstrated via several attack scenarios how the adversary may cause significant impacts on the power system by intercepting the communication channel and without possibly being detected. The attack strategies and the corresponding countermeasures are formulated and analyzed using tools from optimization, dynamical systems, and control theory.

Smart Grid Security: Attacks and Defenses

Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are deployed in power systems to facilitate advanced automation for controlling critical equipment. Once an IED is compromised, attackers can seize the control of the physical entities in substations. They may interrupt the normal functioning of switch devices, sabotage primary equipment and manipulate measurements to impact the stability of power supply. If multiple correlative attacks are launched simultaneously, attackers may even cause cascading failures, whose consequences are often catastrophic. In this paper, a systematic review of cyber-attacks related to IEDs and their countermeasures is provided. By retrieving relevant research, the information including potential threat vectors, attack types, and defense countermeasures are analyzed. The primary purpose of this paper is to remind the researchers and engineers of up-to-date attacks and to inspire studies on countermeasures to protect IEDs and ensure power system cybersecurity.

Cyber-Attacks Related to Intelligent Electronic Devices and Their Countermeasures: A Review

Nearly every aspect of modern life today, from businesses, transportation, and healthcare, depends on the power grid operating safely and reliably While the recent push for a “Smart Grid” has shown promise for increased efficiency, security has often been an after-thought, leaving this critical infrastructure vulnerable to a variety of cyber attacks For instance, devices crucial to the safe operation of the power grid are left in remote substations with their configuration interfaces completely open, providing a vector for outsiders as well as insiders to launch an attack This paper develops the framework for an overlay network of gateway devices that provide authenticated access control and security monitoring for these vulnerable interfaces We develop a working prototype of such a device and simulate the performance of deployment throughout a substation Our results suggest that such a system can be deployed with negligible impact on normal operations, while providing important security mechanisms By doing so, we demonstrate that our proposal is a practical and efficient solution for retro-fitting security onto crucial power system devices

A physical overlay framework for insider threat mitigation of power system devices

This paper presents a new proposed infrastructure that enables simultaneous cyber security and operational security The basis of the method is command interception and fast authentication from the cyber security point of view (reliable detection of cyber intrusions) and from the operational reliability point of view To simplify the process, the command authentication is done at the relay level and relay controls As such it does not depend on the communication architecture The method is based on new developments on dynamic state estimation based protection and substation level distributed state estimation This infrastructure provides the capability to monitor, intercept, and authenticate/block commands as they reach the relay and the control circuits of the relay Since all controls are exercise through a relay, this approach provides 100% coverage The authentication/blockage of commands is done quickly because of the distributed approach which enables quick assembly of a local real time model and fast analytics with this local model Specifically, for each command the proper local real time model is constructed and quickly analyzed to determine the effects on the power system The analytics determine the effect of the command, if executed, on the system and in particular on the operational reliability of the system In case of a command that may have adverse effects on the operational reliability of the system, the command will be blocked and the operator will be alerted In addition to the command authentication at the relay level, an open-source real-time network monitoring system for capturing and parsing network traffic is presented Because the method is based on the substation level dynamic state estimator which uses only local substation level measurements and data, a byzantine type attack is not considered possible for the proposed approach Finally, a discussion on the architecture required to integrate the network monitoring and state estimation systems is presented The methodology is presently being tested in a laboratory setup that includes a digital simulator of the electric power system and hardware in the loop

Cyber Security and Operational Reliability

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A physical overlay framework for insider threat mitigation of power system devices

Cyber Security and Operational Reliability