This review discusses the occurrence and distribution (within a plant) of methyl eugenol in different plant species (> 450) from 80 families spanning many plant orders, as well as various roles this chemical plays in nature, especially in the interactions between tephritid fruit flies and plants.

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Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior and Pollination

Based on extensive male trapping, information is presented on the distribution and seasonal abundance of six Bactrocera species in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta were trapped in northern and central Thailand, B. papayae, B. carambolae and B. umbrosa were restricted to southern Thailand and Malaysia, while B. cucurbitae was widespread, although more abundant in the north. Bactrocera dorsalis, B. papayae and B. correcta exhibited unimodal patterns of population abundance, with populations peaking between June and September depending on species and locality. Bactrocera carambolae, B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa showed no clear patterns in their population modalities, varying between regions. Based on fruit rearing work undertaken in northern and southern Thailand, information on host use patterns is also provided for the above six species, plus B. latifrons. Bactrocera umbrosa, B. latifrons and B. cucurbitae are confirmed as oligophagous on Artocarpus spp., Solanum spp. and cucurbit spp., respectively. Species of the B. dorsalis complex (B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, B. papayae) and B. correcta, although with a very wide potential host range, were predominantly reared from a small number of hosts, including Terminalia catappa, Psidium guajava, Syzygium samarangense and Averrhoa carambola. The number of flies reared from such hosts were generally in excess of the proportion of that fruit in regional samples, implying that even though the flies are polyphagous species, not all hosts are used equally.

Seasonal abundance and host use patterns of seven bactrocera macquart species (diptera: tephritidae) in thailand and peninsular malaysia

Spatial variation in selection creates the potential for local adaptation, but the realization of this potential is governed by the balance between selection and the countering effects of both genetic drift and gene flow (Slatkin 1973, 1987; Endler 1977). Strong selection can generally overcome the effects of all but the most extreme levels of genetic drift (Wright 1931; Fisher 1958), but moderate gene flow from nearby populations in which alternate traits are favored can theoretically prevent the evolution of locally adapted demes, even under fairly strong selective regimes (Slatkin 1973, 1985a; May et al. 1975). Furthermore, the spatial scale at which local adaptations develop is influenced by the spatial scale of gene flow. For species with broad-scale gene flow, adaptation may occur at a regional scale, whereas for species with limited gene flow, it may occur over much smaller spatial scales (Slatkin 1973; Endler 1979; Hanks and Denno 1994; Thomas and Singer, Chapter 14, this volume). Thus, to thoroughly understand both the conditions that favor the evolution of local adaptations in phytophagous insects and the scale at which those adaptations occur, it is essential to elucidate the factors that influence gene flow among populations.

Life-History Strategies and the Genetic Structure of Phytophagous Insect Populations

Behaviour and chemical ecology of Bactrocera flies.

An FAO/IAEA-sponsored coordinated research project on integrative taxonomy, involving close to 50 researchers from at least 20 countries, culminated in a significant breakthrough in the recognition that four major pest species, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera philippinensis, Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera invadens, belong to the same biological species, Bactrocera dorsalis. The successful conclusion of this initiative is expected to significantly facilitate global agricultural trade, primarily through the lifting of quarantine restrictions that have long affected many countries, especially those in regions such as Asia and Africa that have large potential for fresh fruit and vegetable commodity exports. This work stems from two taxonomic studies: a revision in 1994 that significantly increased the number of described species in the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex; and the description in 2005 of Bactrocera invadens, then newly incursive in Africa. While taxonomically valid species, many biologists considered that these were different names for one biological species. Many disagreements confounded attempts to develop a solution for resolving this taxonomic issue, before the FAO/IAEA project commenced. Crucial to understanding the success of that initiative is an accounting of the historical events and perspectives leading up to the international, multidisciplinary collaborative efforts that successfully achieved the final synonymization. This review highlights the 21 year journey taken to achieve this outcome.

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Historical perspective on the synonymization of the four major pest species belonging to the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae).

Movements and population density comparisons of native male adult Dacus dorsalis and Dacus umbrosus (Diptera: Tephritidae) among three ecosystems.

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Movements and population density comparisons of native male adult Dacus dorsalis and Dacus umbrosus (Diptera: Tephritidae) among three ecosystems.