The proximity concept is used in many different ways in the literature. These dimensions of proximity are, however, defined and measured in many different (sometimes even contradictory) ways, show large amounts of overlap, and often are under- or over-specified. The goal of this paper is to specify the different dimensions of proximity relevant in inter-organizational collaboration more precisely and to provide definitions of these dimensions. The research presented contributes to reducing the ambiguity of the proximity concept as used in the literature.

Based on the above, the following research question is addressed in this paper: ‘Which dimensions of proximity are relevant in inter-organizational collaboration and how are they defined?’ A systematic literature review is presented in order to disentangle the dimensions of the proximity concept. Based on this literature review, three dimensions of proximity relevant in inter-organizational collaboration are distinguished: geographical proximity, organizational proximity and technological proximity. Examples (case studies) from the literature are used to illustrate the current conceptual ambiguity as well as to clarify how the proposed dimensions of proximity reduce this conceptual ambiguity.

/pdf/proximity-and-inter-organizational-collaboration-a-47spp7wla5.pdf

Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration : A literature review

http://www.urenio.org/el/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2.2.-Doloreux-D.-and-Parto-S.-2005.-Regional-innovation-systems-current-discourse-and-unresolved-issues.pdf

Regional innovation systems: Current discourse and unresolved issues

https://www.uv.es/~javier/index_archivos/J%20Esparcia%20-%20European%20Innovative%20Projects%20in%20Rural%20Areas%20-%20Journal%20of%20Rural%20Studies%20-%202014.pdf

Innovation and networks in rural areas. An analysis from European innovative projects

Researchers and practitioners are increasingly interested in public bicycle share programs (PBSP). Greater PBSP use promotes health benefits through increased physical activity yet financial costs and distant location of docking stations are barriers to PBSP uptake and reach of health promoting amenities is poorer among lesser educated individuals. However, lack of awareness of PBSP is the first barrier to overcome. This study examined 2-year changes in lack of awareness of a transport-related innovation implemented in Spring 2009 in Montreal, Canada, namely a PBSP called BIXI © as a function of proximity to bicycle docking stations and educational attainment As part of a larger investigation, a repeated cross-sectional design was used. A sample of 7011 adults was recruited through random-digit dialling to landline telephones in three population surveys: prior to implementation ( n =2000), after season 1 ( n =2502), and after season 2 ( n =2509). Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined associations of survey periods, proximity to docking stations, and education with lack of awareness while controlling for socio-demographic and health characteristics. At baseline, lower education and absence of docking stations within walking distance were associated with lower likelihood of awareness of the PBSP. There was a greater likelihood of being PBSP-unaware among those with lower education after season 1 implementation in comparison to those with higher education (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.18, 2.19). Those with lower education after season 2 implementation in neighbourhoods where PBSP was available were more likely to be PBSP-unaware in comparison to those with higher education in neighbourhoods without PBSP docking stations (OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.64). Although lack of awareness decreased over time, greater percentages of being PBSP-unaware were observed among those with lower education and living in neighbourhoods both with and without PBSP docking stations. Despite accessibility of the PBSP docking stations in neighbourhoods, inequalities in awareness persist.

Knowing about a public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada: Are diffusion of innovation and proximity enough for equitable awareness?

Les systèmes régionaux d'innovation : discussion critique

L’effet de la proximite sur le developpement a suscite beaucoup d’interet dans les dernieres annees. A ce sujet, STORPER a pose l’hypothese d’une nouvelle configuration gagnante pour le 3e millenaire, soit une configuration fondee sur l’innovation, les organisations et le territoire. Notre recherche a ete menee aupres des entreprises de trois secteurs de haute technologie a Montreal (biopharmaceutique, telecommunications et aeronautique) et avait pour but d’identifier les effets de la proximite sur l’innovation et le developpement local, par le biais d’entrevues et de collecte de donnees. Nous constatons que la proximite physique se combine avec la proximite institutionnelle et que la combinaison de ces deux manifestations de la proximite contribue a la structuration d’un espace metropolitain d’innovation.

Proximité territoriale et innovation : une enquête sur la région de Montréal

The multimedia sector is one of the high-tech sectors that have contributed to revitalizing the economic base of the Montreal region. A relatively young sector, its many applications have created visions of sustained growth, arousing the interest of many public and private actors in the sector. The sector has fulfilled its promises in part and met a number of expectations, to such an extent that for a number of years the sector was an unqualified success. This paper examines the mechanisms of governance set up by actors in the Montreal region in order to build the foundations of a new industry and discusses the factors that helped trigger or motivate the mobilization of the actors involved in creating this sector. In so doing, we try to determine whether the activity observed in Montreal can be considered a cluster, as this concept implies important or constant interaction amongst the actors of the sector. While the governance established in Montreal is rather reactive, it was a success because it can be considered as joint governance, inasmuch as many social actors are associated in the spatial policy known as the Cite du multimedia, as well as the general development of the multimedia sector. This governance has evolved over the years according to information and changes in the environment and something close to a cluster seems to be emerging in Montreal. Our research highlights the role of various actors in developing governance actions which contributed to the development of the multimedia sector in Montreal, and therefore to the development of Montreal as a Knowledge City. Le secteur multimedia est l'un des secteurs de haute technologie qui ont contribue a revitaliser la region de Montreal. S'il s'agit d'un secteur relativement jeune, il a connu un grand succes pendant quelques annees et notre article s'interroge sur certaines des sources du succes de ce secteur a Montreal. Nous nous penchons sur les mecanismes de gouvernance etablis par les acteurs de la region de Montreal afin de creer une nouvelle industrie et nous evaluons les facteurs qui ont contribue a la mobilisation de ces acteurs. Ce faisant, nous tentons de determiner si l'on peut parler d'un > dans le cas de Montreal, puisque ce concept implique qu'il y ait des interactions constantes ou importantes entre les acteurs du secteur. Nous montrerons que bien que fondee sur un processus de gouvernance plutot reactif que proactif, la mobilisation a connu un succes parce qu'il s'est agi d'un processus de gouvernance mixte; en effet, nombre d'acteurs ont ete associes a la politique spatiale de la Cite du multimedia, comme au developpement de l'ensemble du secteur. Cette gouvernance a evolue au fil des ans, en reaction aux informations et changements dans l'environnement, et il semblerait qu'emerge un > dans le secteur montrealais du multimedia. Notre recherche met en evidence le role des divers acteurs dans le developpement des actions de gouvernance qui ont contribue au developpement du secteur du multimedia a Montreal, et de ce fait a l'inscription de Montreal au nombre des Cites du savoir. ********** The multimedia sector is one of the high-tech sectors that have contributed greatly to revitalizing the economic base of the Montreal region. A relatively young sector, its many applications have created visions of sustained growth, arousing the interest of many public and private actors in the sector. The sector has fulfilled its promises in part and met a number of expectations, to such an extent that for a number of years it actually experienced labour shortage, raiding of workers, high wages, the creation of many firms and significant interest on the part of the financial community. In short, for a few years the sector was an unqualified success. Unfortunately, today, the reality is somewhat different. Yesterday's euphoria has given way to a certain level of disillusionment as a result of significant changes in the multimedia landscape over the past two years. …

The Montreal Multimedia Sector: A Cluster, a New Mode of Governance or a Simple Co-location?/Le Secteur Du Multimedia a Montreal : Une Grappe, Un Milieu Innovateur Ou Une Simple Colocalisation?

/pdf/territorial-proximity-and-innovation-a-survey-of-the-2eq2drnd5r.pdf

Territorial proximity and innovation: a survey of the montreal region

/pdf/le-secteur-du-multimedia-a-montreal-peut-il-etre-considere-2swnsewg7h.pdf

Le secteur du multimédia à Montréal peut-il être considéré comme un milieu innovateur ?

The multimedia sector is one of the high-tech sectors that has contributed greatly to revitalizing the economic base of the Montreal region. A relatively young sector, which may be described as post-industrial, it has created high expectations as to its capacity to create jobs and economic wealth. Its many applications have created visions of sustained growth, arousing the interest of many public and private actors in the sector. The sector has fulfilled its promises in part and met a number of expectations, to such an extent that for a number of years it actually experienced labour shortage, raiding of workers, high wages, the creation of many firms and significant interest on the part of the financial community (Tremblay, 2002, 2004; Tremblay et al., 2002) . In short, for a few years the sector was an unqualified success.This paper will examine the mechanisms of governance set up by actors in the Montreal region in order to build the foundations of a new industry. We will also see that governance has evolved over the years according to information and changes in the environment and involves a diversity of actors.

/pdf/governance-in-the-multimedia-cluster-of-montreal-2u85gvs1w9.pdf

Governance in the multimedia cluster of montreal

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