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Methods Of Enzymatic Analysis

Instead of containing stable and chemically unique ‘humic substances’, as has been widely accepted, soil organic matter is a mixture of progressively decomposing organic compounds; this has broad implications for soil science and its applications. The exchange of nutrients, energy and carbon between soil organic matter, the soil environment, aquatic systems and the atmosphere is important for agricultural productivity, water quality and climate. Long-standing theory suggests that soil organic matter is composed of inherently stable and chemically unique compounds. Here we argue that the available evidence does not support the formation of large-molecular-size and persistent ‘humic substances’ in soils. Instead, soil organic matter is a continuum of progressively decomposing organic compounds. We discuss implications of this view of the nature of soil organic matter for aquatic health, soil carbon–climate interactions and land management. Soil organic matter contains a large portion of the world's carbon and plays an important role in maintaining productive soils and water quality. Nevertheless, a consensus on the nature of soil organic matter is lacking. Johannes Lehmann and Markus Kleber argue that soil organic matter should no longer be seen as large and persistent, chemically unique substances, but as a continuum of progressively decomposing organic compounds.

The contentious nature of soil organic matter

Rapid turnover of organic matter leads to a low efficiency of organic fertilizers applied to increase and sequester C in soils of the humid tropics. Charcoal was reported to be responsible for high soil organic matter contents and soil fertility of anthropogenic soils (Terra Preta) found in central Amazonia. Therefore, we reviewed the available information about the physical and chemical properties of charcoal as affected by different combustion procedures, and the effects of its application in agricultural fields on nutrient retention and crop production. Higher nutrient retention and nutrient availability were found after charcoal additions to soil, related to higher exchange capacity, surface area and direct nutrient additions. Higher charring temperatures generally improved exchange properties and surface area of the charcoal. Additionally, charcoal is relatively recalcitrant and can therefore be used as a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2. Several aspects of a charcoal management system remain unclear, such as the role of microorganisms in oxidizing charcoal surfaces and releasing nutrients and the possibilities to improve charcoal properties during production under field conditions. Several research needs were identified, such as field testing of charcoal production in tropical agroecosystems, the investigation of surface properties of the carbonized materials in the soil environment, and the evaluation of the agronomic and economic effectiveness of soil management with charcoal.

http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/BiolFertSoils%2035,%20219-230,%202002%20Glaser.pdf

Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1302921.pdf

Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation

Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective

The ascorbate system plays an important role during the early stage of seed germination, utilizing high quantities of ascorbic acid (AA) to eliminate the H 2 O 2 produced by oxidative metabolism. The ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (AA/DHA) ratio is considered a good indicator of the ability of seeds to germinate. Extracts from humus were obtained from two different forestry sites, one of which had Fagus sylvatica L. (Fs) as the principal type of vegetation and the other which had Abies alba Miller (Aba) as the principal type of vegetation. These extracts had high molecular weight (>3500) and their influence on the AA system during the early stage of Pinus laricio P. spp. calabrica seed germination was tested, Enzyme activities (AA peroxidase (APX), ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase and DHA reductase) and the AA and DHA seed contents were determined. Both humus fractions used inhibited AA peroxidase and AFR reductase activities and decreased the AA/DHA ratio. These negative effects on the ascorbate system and consequently on seed germination were more evident with the Aba humus fraction, probably due to its higher content of peptidic-C and carbohydratic-C groups.

The ascorbate system during the early stage of germination in Pinus laricio seeds treated with extracts from two different sources of humus

Soil chemical analysis supports the identification of ancient breeding structures: The case-study of Cà Tron (Venice, Italy)

Effect of actinomycete metabolites on ion absorption by rice seedlings.

Earthworm biomass and activity in soil are highly related to the nature of vegetable organic wastes and are controlled by climatic conditions, food composition, physical and chemical soil characteristics. Earthworms strongly affect soil fertility by increasing the availability of nutrients, improving soil structure and water-holding capacity, but the main effect of earthworms in soil concerns the control of the humification process. It has been suggested that earthworms can increase the velocity of organic residue decomposition and also produce faeces rich in bioactive humus. While the role played by earthworms in the growth and productivity of plants was previously related to their effects on soil structure, recent work has suggested that these effects may be due to the production of faeces that contain more than 40% of humic substances endowed with hormone-like activity. This mini-review summarizes the progress made in recent years on the effects of humic substances isolated from earthworm faeces. Some specific issues will focus on the effects of earthworms on humification processes, plant growth and physiological processes in plant tissues. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Effects of humic substances isolated from earthworm faeces.

Variazione della complessità molecolare delle sostanze umiche per effetto dell'acidificazione con acidi organici

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