Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a common and widely used spice. It is rich in various chemical constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. The health benefits of ginger are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds, such as gingerols and shogaols. Accumulated investigations have demonstrated that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, respiratory protective, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger, and the mechanisms of action are also discussed. We hope that this updated review paper will attract more attention to ginger and its further applications, including its potential to be developed into functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (zingiber officinale roscoe)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/10/551/pdf

Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components.

Recently, increasing public concern about hygiene has been driving many studies to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral agents. However, the use of any antimicrobial agents must be limited due to their possible toxic or harmful effects. In recent years, due to previous antibiotics’ lesser side effects, the use of herbal materials instead of synthetic or chemical drugs is increasing. Herbal materials are found in medicines. Herbs can be used in the form of plant extracts or as their active components. Furthermore, most of the world’s populations used herbal materials due to their strong antimicrobial properties and primary healthcare benefits. For example, herbs are an excellent material to replace nanosilver as an antibiotic and antiviral agent. The use of nanosilver involves an ROS-mediated mechanism that might lead to oxidative stress-related cancer, cytotoxicity, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound healing. Therefore, existing antibiotic drugs can be replaced with biomaterials such as herbal medicine with high antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. This review paper highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and radical scavenger (antioxidant) properties of herbal materials. Antimicrobial activity, radical scavenger ability, the potential for antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, and efficacy in eliminating bacteria and viruses and scavenging free radicals in herbal materials are discussed in this review. The presented herbal antimicrobial agents in this review include clove, portulaca, tribulus, eryngium, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, thyme, pennyroyal, mint, fennel, chamomile, burdock, eucalyptus, primrose, lemon balm, mallow, and garlic, which are all summarized.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/12/1309/pdf

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials

Objective: To assess the effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In a double-blinded, placeb...

The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health problem and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising. Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, phenolic acid, and stilbens, are a large and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in plant-based foods. In this review, we aimed at assessing the studies on polyphenols and diabetes management. Methods: A literature search in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published from 1986 to Jan 2017. Results: Several animal models and a limited number of human studies have revealed that polyphenols decrease hyperglycemia and improve acute insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. The possible mechanisms include decrease in glucose absorption in the intestine, inhibition of carbohydrates digestion, stimulation of insulin secretion, modulation of glucose release from the liver, activation of insulin receptors and glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues, modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, and gene expression. Conclusion: Growing evidence indicates that various dietary polyphenols may influence blood glucose at different levels and may also help control and prevent diabetes complication. However, we still need more clinical trials to determine the effects of polyphenols- rich foods, their effective dose, and mechanisms of their effects in managing diabetes.

http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3843-en.pdf

Polyphenols and their effects on diabetes management: A review

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Zingiber officinale on some biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic (DM2) patients In a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial, 6

Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on plasma glucose level, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Using of herbs as complementary medications for treatment of diseases has been prevailed in the world. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Anethum supplementation on insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose (FBS) and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This randomized-double blind- placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients in Tabriz, Iran in from January to March 2012. Intervention group received 3.3 g/day powder of Anethum for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assessed by enzymatic colorimetric method at onset and at the end of study. Serum insulin level was determined by ELISA method and HOMA-IR as an index of insulin resistance calculated as fasting concentrations of blood glucose (mg/dL)×fasting insulin (μU/ml) / 405. Results: A significant reduction in insulin level was observed in intervention group at the end of study (p=0.003). TC and LDL-C decreased significantly at the end of study (p=0.016, p=0.009, respectively). Changes in HDL-C, TG and HOMA-IR were not apparent. Surprisingly, FBS increased in the intervention group but it was not statistically significant (p=0.142). Conclusion: Supplementation of type 2 diabetic patients with Anethum had beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and some lipid profiles. Further scientific efforts with large sample size needed to confirm these results.

https://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/PHARM/Manuscript/PHARM-20-40.pdf

Anethum graveolens supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients

Nutrition Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Associate professor in Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; MD. Associated professor of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Assistant professor of Biostatics, Tabriz Health Management Research Center, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Resident of Internal Medicine, Department of internal medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran E-mails: mobassermajid@yahoo.com, llllpayahoo44@gmail.com, ali.baradaranm@gmail.com

Anethum graveolens L. supplementation has anti-inflammatory effect in type 2 diabetic patients

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Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on plasma glucose level, HbA1c and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients

Anethum graveolens supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients

Anethum graveolens L. supplementation has anti-inflammatory effect in type 2 diabetic patients