Photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation have emerged as promising strategies to remedy the existing environmental and energy crises. However, grafting of expensive and less abundant noble-metal cocatalysts on photocatalyst materials is a mandatory practice to achieve enhanced photocatalytic performance owing to the ability of the cocatalysts to extract electrons efficiently from the photocatalyst and enable rapid/enhanced catalytic reaction. Hence, developing highly efficient, inexpensive, and noble-metal-free cocatalysts composed of earth-abundant elements is considered as a noteworthy step toward considering photocatalysis as a more economical strategy. Recently, MXenes (two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have shown huge potential as alternatives for noble-metal cocatalysts. MXenes have several excellent properties, including atomically thin 2D morphology, metallic electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and high specific surface area. In addition, they exhibit Gibbs free energy of intermediate H atom adsorption as close to zero and less than that of a commercial Pt-based cocatalyst, a Fermi level position above the H2 generation potential, and an excellent ability to capture and activate CO2 molecules. Therefore, there is a growing interest in MXene-based photocatalyst materials for various photocatalytic events. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the synthesis of MXenes with 2D and 0D morphologies, the stability of MXenes, and MXene-based photocatalysts for H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation. The existing challenges and the possible future directions to enhance the photocatalytic performance of MXene-based photocatalysts are also discussed.

A Review on MXene Synthesis, Stability, and Photocatalytic Applications.

In recent years, the development of energy storage devices has received much attention due to the increasing demand for renewable energy. Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted considerable attention among various energy storage devices due to their high specific capacity, high power density, long cycle life, economic efficiency, environmental friendliness, high safety, and fast charge/discharge rates. SCs are devices that can store large amounts of electrical energy and release it quickly, making them ideal for use in a wide range of applications. They are often used in conjunction with batteries to provide a power boost when needed and can also be used as a standalone power source. They can be used in various potential applications, such as portable equipment, smart electronic systems, electric vehicles, and grid energy storage systems. There are a variety of materials that have been studied for use as SC electrodes, each with its advantages and limitations. The electrode material must have a high surface area to volume ratio to enable high energy storage densities. Additionally, the electrode material must be highly conductive to enable efficient charge transfer. Over the past several years, several novel materials have been developed which can be used to improve the capacitance of the SCs. This article reviews three types of SCs: electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors, their respective development, energy storage mechanisms, and the latest research progress in material preparation and modification. In addition, it proposes potentially feasible solutions to the problems encountered during the development of supercapacitors and looks forward to the future development direction of SCs. 

/pdf/recent-advanced-supercapacitor-a-review-of-storage-2zt5ddes.pdf

Recent Advanced Supercapacitor: A Review of Storage Mechanisms, Electrode Materials, Modification, and Perspectives

Abstract With an excellent power conversion efficiency of 25.7%, closer to the Shockley–Queisser limit, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a strong candidate for a next-generation energy harvester. However, the lack of stability and reliability in PSCs remained challenging for commercialization. Strategies, such as interfacial and structural engineering, have a more critical influence on enhanced performance. MXenes, two-dimensional materials, have emerged as promising materials in solar cell applications due to their metallic electrical conductivity, high carrier mobility, excellent optical transparency, wide tunable work function, and superior mechanical properties. Owing to different choices of transition elements and surface-terminating functional groups, MXenes possess the feature of tuning the work function, which is an essential metric for band energy alignment between the absorber layer and the charge transport layers for charge carrier extraction and collection in PSCs. Furthermore, adopting MXenes to their respective components helps reduce the interfacial recombination resistance and provides smooth charge transfer paths, leading to enhanced conductivity and operational stability of PSCs. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of MXenes as components, classified according to their roles as additives (into the perovskite absorber layer, charge transport layers, and electrodes) and themselves alone or as interfacial layers, and their significant importance in PSCs in terms of device performance and stability. Lastly, we discuss the present research status and future directions toward its use in PSCs. 

/pdf/a-review-on-interface-engineering-of-mxenes-for-perovskite-3oic9kpm.pdf

A Review on Interface Engineering of MXenes for Perovskite Solar Cells

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are gaining attention as an ideal option for various applications requiring high-capacity batteries, such as portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage. ZABs offer advantages such as low environmental impact, enhanced safety compared to Li-ion batteries, and cost-effectiveness due to the abundance of zinc. However, early research faced challenges due to parasitic reactions at the zinc anode and slow oxygen redox kinetics. Recent advancements in restructuring the anode, utilizing alternative electrolytes, and developing bifunctional oxygen catalysts have significantly improved ZABs. Scientists have achieved battery reversibility over thousands of cycles, introduced new electrolytes, and achieved energy efficiency records surpassing 70%. Despite these achievements, there are challenges related to lower power density, shorter lifespan, and air electrode corrosion leading to performance degradation. This review paper discusses different battery configurations, and reaction mechanisms for electrically and mechanically rechargeable ZABs, and proposes remedies to enhance overall battery performance. The paper also explores recent advancements, applications, and the future prospects of electrically/mechanically rechargeable ZABs. 

A Review of Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

With the rapid development of science and technology, paper-based functional materials have become the core of the ﬁeld of new materials. Recently, they have received extensive attention in the ﬁeld of energy storage due to their advantages of rich and adjustable porous network structure, good ﬂexibility. As an important energy storage device, paper-based supercapacitors have important application prospects in many ﬁelds

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eem2.12651

Recent Research Progress of Paper‐Based Supercapacitors Based on Cellulose

T-cell factor 1 (TCF1)+Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a recently defined subset of exhausted T-cells (Texh-cells) that exhibit a progenitor phenotype. They have been associated with a response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in murine tumour models and in patients with malignant melanoma. We investigated the significance of TCF1+PD-1+ TILs as a predictive biomarker for ICI therapy response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Two different cohorts of NSCLC patients treated with ICI targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway were included. RNA-seq was performed using NSCLC tissues obtained from 234 patients prior to immunotherapy (RNA-seq cohort). Double immunostaining of TCF1 and PD-1 and single immunostaining of other immunologic markers were performed in resected tumour tissues from another 116 patients (immunohistochemistry cohort).In the RNA-seq cohort, both Texh-cell and progenitor Texh-cell gene sets were enriched in responders compared with non-responders. Larger Texh-cell fractions and increased progenitor Texh-cell gene sets were significantly associated with better progression-free survival (PFS). In the immunohistochemistry cohort, the TCF1+PD-1+ TIL number and PD-L1 tumour proportion score were significantly higher in responders than in non-responders. A high number of TCF1+PD-1+ TILs was significantly associated with both PFS and overall survival (OS) after ICI therapy, and it independently predicted a better PFS and OS according to multivariate analysis.TCF1+PD-1+ TILs, representing progenitor Texh-cells, predict both better response and survival in NSCLC patients after ICI therapy. Thus, they may be a useful predictive biomarker for ICI therapy in NSCLC. 

http://www.ejcancer.com/article/S0959804922004245/pdf

TCF1+PD-1+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes predict a favorable response and prolonged survival after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Solid-state supercapacitors have shown extraordinary promise for flexible and wearable electronics. To date, they are still limited by relatively poor energy volumetric performances, which are largely determined by the pore structures and physicochemical properties of electrode materials. Moreover, the poor mechanical properties afforded because of the intrinsic shortcomings of electrode materials need to be resolved. Herein, we designed a flexible and solid-state yarn electrode with high porosity and high affinity toward electrolytes using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Korean heritage paper (KHP). To maximize the volumetric capacitive energy storage, PEDOT-loaded conductive KHP sheets (two-dimensional) were transformed into a biscrolled yarn (one-dimensional) via simple twisting. The volumetric capacitance of the biscrolled yarn supercapacitors with 1 mm cell diameter exhibited a volumetric specific capacitance of ∼6576 mF/cm3 at a scan rate of 25 mV/s, which is attributable to the high mass loading of PEDOT as a conductive support and increased packing density. Moreover, multiple optimized yarn supercapacitors can be connected to yield a total length of 1 m, demonstrating enormous potential as a portable and wearable power supply for operating smartwatches.

Paper-Derived Millimeter-Thick Yarn Supercapacitors Enabling High Volumetric Energy Density.

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been regarded as a promising catalyst owing to its superior charge transport properties in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and photocatalytic hydrogen generation. However, a major bottleneck toward the utilization of TiO2 photocatalysts is inefficient exploitation of visible light and low adsorption behavior. To address this issue, we fabricated a hybrid nanocomposite composed of one-dimensional N-doped TiO2 nanotubes (N-TNTs) and two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-CNNs) to improve photocatalytic behavior. Furthermore, photogenerated electron–hole pairs in the hybrid N-TNT/g-CNN composites were efficiently separated by introducing g-CNNs. In addition, the improved specific surface area provided many active sites, resulting in higher photocatalytic reactions in kinetics. Based on these features, the Rhodamine B photocatalytic degradation efficiency was the highest, ∼85%, under solar-light irradiation in the N-TNT/g-CNN composites (7 wt% of the g-CNN content), which is two times higher than that of the N-TNT. Moreover, excellent durability and stability were observed after four cycles, which can be attributed to the extended optical absorption range and enhanced separation of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Graphical abstract

/pdf/promoted-charge-separation-and-specific-surface-area-via-3m3lhenc.pdf

Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B

근대화와 일제강점기에 대응하기 위해서 송광사는 승가의 전통교육기관인 강원을 1917년에 불교지방학림으로 개편하였고, 한편 일제강점기 동안 일관되게 일본이나 경 성으로 사비(寺費)를 들여 적극적으로 유학을 보냈다. 송광사는 1909년에는 보명학교를 설립하고, 1922년에는 정동사숙을 운영하였다. 송 광사 말사인 순천 별량면 동화사도 1922년경에는 동화사 사숙을 운영하고 있었다. 보성군 벌교에는 송광사 본·말사가 연합으로 1916년 개설한 포교당을 1922년 교사로 전용하여 근대 교육기관인 송명사숙을 개교한다. 송광사가 설립하고 지원했던 보명학교와 정동사숙은 순수한 민족사학이며, 지역사회와 협력하여 운영하였다. 그리고 폐교 시에는 모든 재산과 심지어 거금을 무상으로 지원해 주면서 지역사회 교육을 위하여 양도해 주었다. 송광사는 교육활동을 통하여 문맹을 퇴치하고 인재를 양성하였다. 이는 시대 과제인 근 대화에 대응하고 일제강점기 우리 민족의 정체성을 지키기 위한 자발적 노력이었다. 또한 불교의 가르침을 대중화하고 실질적으로 중생구제의 실천을 보여준 것이다. 이번 연구를 통하여 일제강점기 송광사의 지역에서의 교육활동의 일면을 파악했다. 그동안 연구가 미흡했던 보명학교와 정동사숙이 지역사회와 협력을 통하여 지역사회 교육의 중요한 역할의 일면을 살펴볼 수 있는 실증적 사례의 발굴에 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 

A Study On The Educational Activities Of Songgwangsa Temple In Suncheon During Japanese Colonial Era

연구 대상본은 전라도 무등산 안심사에서 1570년 개판한 『옥추경』으로 현재 서울 법장사에 소장 되어 있으며, 서울시 유형문화재 제453호다. 『옥추경』은 도교의 경으로 민간에서 기우, 치병 등의 기도에 많이 애송되었다. 대상 본은 오랜 세월 독송용으로 활용되어 찢김, 마모, 접힘, 결손, 판심분리, 얼룩 등이 심각 한 수준이었다. 육안관찰과 현미경 관찰, 적외선 카메라 촬영, 측색기로 색도측정, 수소 이온 농도 측정을 진행하였다. 이를 바탕으로 해체, 안정화 처리와 세척, 구 배접지 제거, 결손보강 및 재단, 표지제작 및 재장정의 보존처리 공정을 진행하였다. 보존처리한 전적 문화재의 생물학적 피해를 방지하기 위한 훈증처리를 시행하였다. 오동나무로 보관함을 제작하였으며, 문화재 수리기를 보관함 내부에 기록하여 부착하였다. 

A Case Study on the Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Documents - Focusing on the Edition of Mt. Mudeung Ansimsa’s Okchugyeong kept in Bupjangsa -

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