In industries such as aerospace, petrochemistry and automobile, many parts of different machines are under environment which shows high temperature and high pressure, and have their proneness to wear and corrosion. Therefore, the wear resistibility and stability under high temperature need to be further improved. Nowadays, Laser cladding (LC) is widely used in machine parts repairing and functional coating due to its advantages such as lower dilution rate, small heat-affected zone and good metallurgical bonding between coating and substrate. In this paper, LC is introduced in detail from aspects of process simulation, monitoring and parameter optimization. At the same time, the paper gives a comprehensive review over LC material system as high entropy alloys (HEAs), amorphous alloy and single crystal alloy have been gradually showing their advantages over traditional metal materials in LC. In addition, the applications of LC in functional coatings and in maintenance of machine parts are also outlined. Also, the existing problems and the development trend of LC is discussed then.

Recent research and development status of laser cladding: A review

Condition monitoring systems are commonly exploited to assess the health status of equipment. A fundamental part of any condition monitoring system is data acquisition. Meaningfully estimating the current condition and predicting the future behaviour of the equipment strongly depend on the characteristic of the data measurement stage. Nowadays, condition monitoring has wide applications in the railway industry, and various monitoring approaches have been proposed for the inspection of wheel and rail conditions. In-service condition monitoring of wheels provides the real-time data required for maintenance planning, while in-workshop inspection is normally done at fixed intervals carried out periodically. In-service data acquisition can be divided into on-board and wayside measurements. In this paper, on the basis of these classifications, the existing data acquisition techniques for the monitoring of railway wheel condition are reviewed, and the state-of-the-art methods and required research are discussed.

/pdf/condition-monitoring-approaches-for-the-detection-of-railway-3dk2o1pvnm.pdf

Condition monitoring approaches for the detection of railway wheel defects

A descriptive model of wear evolution in rolling bearings

Investigation on wear and rolling contact fatigue of wheel-rail materials under various wheel/rail hardness ratio and creepage conditions

On the mechanism of squat formation on train rails – Part I: Origination

Rolling contact fatigue and wear of two different rail steels under rolling–sliding contact

Numerical stress analysis and rolling contact fatigue of White Etching Layer on rail steel

Laser cladding has been applied to reduce the wear on rails in a curved track. It is important to evaluate the wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) characteristics of laser cladding rails. This paper evaluated the wear characteristics of three types of laser cladding, i.e., Stellite 21, Inconel 625, and Hastelloy-C. The wear of Stellite 21 was reduced by 83% as compared to the untreated rail specimen, while those of Inconel 625 and Hastelloy C were decreased by 42% and 29%, respectively. Meanwhile, when laser cladding is applied, a cladding boundary between the rail and the laser cladding is created. The cladding boundary consists of the rail base material, the heat-affected zone, and laser cladding. At the cladding boundary, various types of microstructures are distributed, and as a result the hardness changes. The wear and RCF characteristics of the cladding boundary caused by rolling contact loads have been evaluated through twin-disc tests. Since Stellite 21 has low hardness at the cladding boundary, it suffered the most severe wear and damages in three types of laser cladding. If laser cladding is applied to reduce the wear of the curved track, the damage of the boundary, as opposed to the wear characteristics, should be taken into consideration. In this paper, Stellite 21 exhibits the best wear characteristics, but Hastelloy C is found to be the most appropriate when simultaneously considering both the wear and RCF of the cladding boundary.

Effects of Laser Cladding for Repairing and Improving Wear of Rails

A new and unique nondestructive testing (NDT) system able to detect a crack with high-speed and high spatial resolution, is urgently required for inspecting small cracks on express train wheels. We, in this paper, propose a scan-type magnetic camera, which uses two linearly integrated Hall sensor arrays (LIHaS) on a wafer, and a small yoke-type magnetizer, which is positioned on the back of the LIHaS. Two of the LIHaS (hereafter, differential-type LIHaS) are arrayed in parallel. The differential Hall voltages from each sensor in the scanning direction are obtained and amplified. We can achieve high-speed NDT by using the differential-type LIHaS because of the ?VH/?x value, which provides the most important crack information, can be obtained without buffering or calculation. We verified the effectiveness of this new and unique method by examination of cracks in the wheel specimen model. (A) Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

The application of a differential-type Hall sensors array to the nondestructive testing of express train wheels

The bogie frame of a railway is an important structural member for the support of vehicle loading. In general, more than 25 years’ durability is necessary. Much study has been carried out in experimental and theoretical domains on the prediction of the structural integrity of the bogie frame. The objective of this paper is to estimate the structural integrity of the bogie frame of an electric railcar. Strength analysis has been performed by finite element analysis. From this analysis, stress concentration areas were investigated. To evaluate the loading conditions, dynamic stress was measured by strain gauge. It has been found that the stress and strain due to the applied loads were multiaxial conditions according to the location of the strain gauge. Fatigue strength evaluations of the bogie frame were performed to investigate the effect of a multiaxial load through the employment of a critical plane approach.

/pdf/fatigue-design-evaluation-of-railway-bogie-with-full-scale-4fvalz2jtt.pdf

Fatigue Design Evaluation of Railway Bogie with Full-Scale Fatigue Test

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