ion, 88,90 Addison's disease, 243 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 170

Autism: A Reappraisal of Concepts and Treatment

Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder.

Autism, Asperger's disorder (AD), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) are commonly referred to as ‘autistic spectrum disorders’ (ASD) and are classified as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Deviant and delayed development in social and communication skills and the presence of restricted routines and interests, and stereotypic behaviours are variously present in ASD. The majority of children with autism have an intellectual disability (ID) while those with AD do not.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00012.x

Sleep problems in autism: prevalence, cause, and intervention.

Nocturnal excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in children and adolescents with autistic disorder.

The purposes of this paper are to provide an overview of the state of the science of sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), present hypotheses for the high prevalence of insomnia in children with ASD, and present a practice pathway for promoting optimal sleep. Approximately two thirds of children with ASD have chronic insomnia, and to date, the strongest evidence on promoting sleep is for sleep education, environmental changes, behavioral interventions, and exogenous melatonin. The Sleep Committee of the Autism Treatment Network (ATN) developed a practice pathway, based on expert consensus, to capture best practices for screening, identification, and treatment for sleep problems in ASD in 2012. An exemplar case is presented to integrate key constructs of the practice pathway and address arousal and sensory dysregulation in a child with ASD and anxiety disorder. This paper concludes with next steps for dissemination of the practice pathway and future directions for research of sleep problems in ASD.

/pdf/sleep-in-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-4329tfu2n7.pdf

Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A study was designed to determine if blood serotonin concentrations could be lowered in autistic children by the administration of L-dopa and, if so, to observe possible clinical or physiological changes. Following a 17-day placebo period, four hospitalized autistic boys (3, 4, 9, and 13 years of age) received L-dopa for 6 months. Results indicated a significant decrease of blood serotonin concentrations in the three youngest patients, a significant increase in platelet counts in the youngest patient, and a similar trend in others. Urinary excretion of 5HIAA decreased significantly in the 4-year-old patient and a similar trend was noted in others. No changes were observed in the clinical course of the disorder, the amount of motility disturbances (hand-flapping), percent of REM sleep time, or in measures of endocrine function (FSH and LH). Possible mechanisms by which L-dopa lowered blood serotonin concentrations, increased platelet counts, and yet failed to produce other changes are discussed.

Effects of L-dopa in autism.

Concentrations of melatonin in overnight and first-voiding urine samples from 10 people with autism, 15 parents, 1 grandparent, 9 sibs without autism, and 10 healthy, unrelated volunteers, were measured by radioimmunoassay. Those with autism had significantly higher melatonin concentrations in the first voiding samples than controls. Groups did not differ in overnight melatonin concentrations. These preliminary results warrant replication and extension.

Elevated daytime melatonin concentrations in autism: A pilot study.

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Effects of L-dopa in autism.

Elevated daytime melatonin concentrations in autism: A pilot study.