Reduction of postnatal morbidity and mortality of mammalian neonates poses a significant challenge to agricultural and medical sciences. Because nutritional insufficiency and diarrhea represent major stressors, an understanding of factors mediating postnatal growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract is essential. This review explores the role that milkborne growth factors may play in stimulating functional development of the neonatal intestine, with emphasis on the porcine, bovine, and ovine species. Studies reporting milk concentrations and intestinal effects are reviewed, with emphasis on epidermal growth factor, insulin, and the insulin-like growth factors. Collectively, these studies suggest that milkborne growth factors may provide important regulatory signals to the neonatal intestine under both normal and pathophysiological states.

Intestinal effects of milkborne growth factors in neonates of agricultural importance.

Milkcontains a significant number of sub stances having peptide characteristics that are known to possess biological activity. The possible physiological im portance for the neonate is discussed in this reviewin light of their effects (epidermal growth factor, nerve growth fac tor, insulin, prolactin, somatostatin, thyroid-releasing hor mone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormoneâ€"re leasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, erythropoietin, bombesin- like peptides, calcitonin, AŸ-casomorphinsand delta-sleep- peptides) on suckling mammals after gastrointestinal administration. J. Nutr. 119: 1543-1551, 1989.

Search for role of milk-borne biologically active peptides for the suckling.

Hormones in milk.

Iodine nutrition and breast feeding

The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a "window of opportunity" to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.

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The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota.

Thyroid hormones (TH) in milk can be measured by RIA after prolonged extraction with alkaline ethanol at low temperature. The results of this method agreed with those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, though they show the concentrations lower than in most of the already published studies based on radioimmunoassay. The levels of thyroxine (T4) in colostrum and milk in rabbit, cow and women were found to be similar, about 2 nmol l-1, which represented a small fraction of those in blood serum. Triiodothyronine (T3) content approximated one third of that in serum and was about 1.0, 1.8, 0.3 and 0.5 nmol l-1 in the rabbit, pig, human and cow, respectively. Although in a relatively high blood concentration, reverse-T3 does not appear in cow milk, but it passes through the blood/mammary gland barrier into the milk in rabbits in which it appears in a very low concentration. Of TH in milk, T3 may exert some physiological role in offsprings, particularly during the early adaptive postnatal period. Insulin (INS) in human, cow and pig milk was found in concentrations approximate to those in blood serum. They were high at the peri-parturient period and then fell rapidly in the pig and more gradually in the women, to a relatively low and constant levels. Transfer of INS into the mammary gland and milk was positively related to the actual concentrations of this hormone in the blood, in quantities which, following ingestion of milk, might exert some biological action in neonates.

Thyroid hormones and insulin in milk; a comparative study.

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Thyroid hormones and insulin in milk; a comparative study.