An emerging literature from epidemiologic, clinical, and preclinical investigations has provided evidence that gestational exposure to infection contributes to the etiology of schizophrenia. In recent years, these studies have moved from ecologic designs, which ascertain infection based on epidemics in populations, to investigations that have capitalized on reliable biomarkers in individual pregnancies. These studies have documented specific candidate infections that appear to be associated with an elevated risk of schizophrenia. Animal models of maternal immune activation inspired by this work have revealed intriguing findings indicating behavioral, neurochemical, and neurophysiologic abnormalities consistent with observations in schizophrenia. In parallel studies in humans and animals, investigators are working to uncover the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which in utero exposure to infection contributes to schizophrenia risk. In this review, the authors discuss and critically evaluate the...

https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030361

Prenatal Infection and Schizophrenia: A Review of Epidemiologic and Translational Studies

The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review.

This article focuses on the schizophrenic disorganization syndrome, which was initially described by Bleuler (who used the term "dissociation") as lying at the heart of schizophrenia. While adopting a neo-Bleulerian approach, we describe schizophrenic disorganization using a pathogenetic hypothesis and a three-part structure. First, we discuss previous approaches to characterizing and defining schizophrenic disorganization, providing arguments in favor of a complementary approach to describing schizophrenic disorganization that relies on a pathogenetic analysis of the disorganization syndrome, and especially thought and language disorders. Second, we present two possible cognitive pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain schizophrenic disorganization: (1) a deficit in the integration of contextual information, based on the results of semantic priming studies; and (2) a theory of mind deficit, based on the results of studies of the attribution of mental states to others. We propose a cognitive model of schizophrenic dysfunctioning on the basis of these two anomalies. Third, we summarize our published findings to examine the implications of these two cognitive pathophysiological mechanisms for schizophrenic disorganization. On the basis of the same two anomalies, we then propose and illustrate a neo-Bleulerian approach to the assessment of communication disorders that is critical to the improvement of schizophrenic disorganization's clinical description.

The Cognitive Basis of Disorganization Symptomatology in Schizophrenia and Its Clinical Correlates: Toward a Pathogenetic Approach to Disorganization

Interactions between sentences and the individual words that comprise them are reviewed in studies using the event-related brain potential (ERP) Results suggest that, for ambiguous words preceded by a biasing sentence context, context is used at an early stage to constrain the relevant sense of a word rather than select among multiple active senses A study comparing associative single-word context and sentence-level context also suggests that sentence context influences the earliest stage of semantic analysis, but that the ability to use sentence context effectively is more demanding of working memory than the ability to use single-word contexts Another indication that sentence context has a dramatic effect on single-word processing was the observation that high- and low-frequency words elicit different ERPs at the beginnings of sentences but that this effect is suppressed by a meaningful sentence context

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01228.x

Words and sentences: Event‐related brain potential measures

ERP abnormalities during semantic processing in schizophrenia.

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ERP abnormalities during semantic processing in schizophrenia.