Recently a novel DNA virus (Torque Teno Virus (TTV) has been identified in Japan and shown to be associated with elevated aminotransferase s levels after transfusion. However the exact role of TTV in pathogenesis of liver disease is yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of TTV in thalassemic patients and its relationship with elevated alanine-aminotransfrase (ALT) and aspartateaminotransfrase (AST). This cross-sectional analysis study was conducted on 452 thallasemic patients. Serums were collected from all of the patients, first ALT and AST levels were determined. Then, after DNA extraction, TTV DNA was amplified and detected using semi-nested PCR, followed by gel electrophoresis. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected from each participant for statistical analysis. The findings showed that 160 of 452 (35.4%) samples had TTV DNA detected by PCR. From 160 TTV DNA positive, 98 (61.20%) were female and 62 (38.80%) of them were male (P=0.549). The mean ALT and AST values in TTV positive group were higher than in TTV negative group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The result showed that the prevalence of TTV in thalassemic patients in Jahrom is less than other studies in Iran and the mean ALT and AST values in TTV positive individuals were about 2 times more than in TTV negative individuals.

/pdf/molecular-prevalence-and-clinical-importance-of-torque-teno-2fi9z1ixeg.pdf

Molecular Prevalence and Clinical Importance of Torque Teno Virus Infection in Thalassemia Patients as High Risk Individuals

Anaerobic digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae chlorella sp

https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60820000/Manuscripts/2008/Man777.pdf

Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities

A review of the biogas industry in China

Digestate is a byproduct of anaerobic digestion, which can be considered waste or a product of potential use for the chemical industry or agriculture. In either case, the digestate must usually be treated prior to being disposed of or valorized. This review describes digestate processing technologies and their specific characteristics. Nutrient recovery and removal from digestate can be achieved through mechanical, physicochemical or biological processes. Available and potential digestate treatment techniques are presented. The complexities of the technologies available, legislation, the agronomical value of the digestate and the economic value of the process mean a decision support tool is required to help managers choose the best digestate processing technology. To ensure adequate analysis, the whole biomethanization project should be integrated in the use of these decision support tools. The objectives and limits of some of the currently available tools are analyzed at the end of this review.

Nutrient removal and recovery from digestate: a review of the technology

Three pairs of naturally ventilated and tunnel-ventilated dairy barns were monitored during the
summer of 2000 to compare the thermal environments developed by the two warm-season
ventilation systems. Supplemental cooling fans were used within each of the naturally ventilated
barns to direct airflow onto the cows.
 Ambient air temperatures during midsummer were cooler than normal in both New York and
Ohio, but both states had near-normal cooling seasons. Both ventilation systems performed well
during these temperate summer conditions with indoor thermal conditions closely tracking those
outdoors. Tunnel ventilation provided only a slight advantage during the heat of the day in terms
of moderating dry-bulb air temperature and THI. Each of the tunnel-ventilated barns provided a
slightly cooler interior environment than its naturally ventilated counterpart when outdoor
conditions were potentially stressful (THI greater than 70). The average advantages in terms of
reduced differentials between indoor and outdoor environments were -0.4 C and -0.3 for air
temperature and THI, respectively, for the tunnel-ventilated barns.
 Average air speeds within the cow spaces of the barn pairs were equal – no difference existed for
the two summertime ventilation systems. Considerable spatial variation in air speed existed with
both systems - at least a spread of 1 m/s in all barns. There was also no difference in temporal
variation of airspeed in the cow spaces of the barns – both ventilation systems produced
fluctuating airspeeds at cow level in one or more barn quadrants. Therefore, microclimate
control should be an area of emphasis with both ventilation systems.
 Risk management approaches should be used to evaluate these systems on a regional basis using
historical weather data. Improved designs are needed for tunnel ventilation to enable systems to
maintain desired air velocities throughout the cow space and to better accommodate large barns..

Performance of Tunnel Ventilation for Freestall Dairy Facilities as Compared to Natural Ventilation with Supplemental Cooling Fans

The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of a full-scale, mesophilic plugflowanaerobic digester for 550 dairy cattle manure based on the degree of waste stabilization,fecal coliform and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis density reductions, and biogasproduction and utilization. M. avium paratuberculosis is a pathogen responsible forparatuberculosis (Johnes disease) in dairy cattle and other ruminants. Under steady-state conditions, average reductions in total solids, total volatile solids, and chemicaloxygen demand were 25.1, 29.7, and 41.9 percent, respectively, with no loss of nitrogen orphosphorus. Reductions in fecal coliform and M. avium paratuberculosis densities wereapproximately 99.9 and 99 percent respectively. Biogas composition averaged 59.1 percentmethane at an average production rate of 1,214 m3 (42,868 ft3) per day. This translates to 2.27m3 (80 ft3) per cow-day and 0.34 m3 per kg (5.46 ft3 per lb) of chemical oxygen demanddestroyed. The annual income derived from the use of the biogas produced to generate electricityis estimated to be $39,474 per year. Based on this income estimate, the simple payback period forthe capital invested is approximately 5.6 years.

Evaluation of the performance of a 550 cow plug-flow anaerobic digester under steady-state conditions

Anaerobic digesters are becoming a popular waste treatment option in New York State. These
systems generate energy for on-farm use and sale while providing significant odor reduction.
Research has shown that mesophilic systems (T=100oF) have the potential to reduce pathogens
entering the environment. A plug flow digester was monitored for 14 months starting in May
2001. Samples taken from the digester influent and effluent were tested for the fecal coliform
group of indicator organisms and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map). M.
avium paratuberculosis is the microorganism responsible for Johne’s disease in dairy cattle and
other ruminants. Results show almost a 3-log reduction in fecal coliforms and slightly more than
a 2-log reduction in Map. This paper describes an anaerobic digester and shows the comparative
results of testing between a farm with a digester and a farm without a digester. Since both farms
in this study compost and sell excess solids, analyses were done on the composted manure as
well.

Reduction of selected pathogens in anaerobic digestion

As environmental regulations controlling direct land application of livestock waste
increase, farmers search for ways to cost-effectively handle manure from their farms. Farmers’
goals include efficient and effective means to remove the objectionable characteristics of their
manure so that it may be recycled in an environmentally friendly manner. Anaerobic digestion is
one way to control odors, liquefy manure and decrease pathogen loading, while reducing
system costs by selling byproducts from the manure treatment system. Odor control allows
digested effluent to be recycled in an environmentally friendly manner by applying it to cropland. 
Economic, nutrient, pathogen, energy production, and mass flows are under an ongoing
quantification process for five integrated manure treatment systems in New York State. Each of
these farms has recently installed an anaerobic digester as a method to control odor. The mass
flow, nutrient flow, pathogen reduction, energy production and use, and economics of these
systems are presented and compared. The systems vary by 1) type of digester: fixed film, plug
flow, or mixed, 2) type of energy conversion: boiler, internal combustion, engine, or micro
turbine, 3) digester feed: scraped manure from freestalls, separated tie stall manure, or manure
with food waste added, and 4) farm size.

Comparison of Five Anaerobic Digestion Systems on Dairy Farms

Five mechanical solid-liquid manure separators manufactured by three different
companies and located on four production dairy farms in New York State were sampled monthly from
May 2001 to December 2004 (not every separator was sampled continuously throughout this period).
Samples were analyzed in an EPA approved commercial laboratory for total solids, total volatile
solids, total phosphorus, ortho phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and
potassium. Organic nitrogen was determined by subtraction. The efficiency of capture of each
effluent stream was calculated for each constituent analyzed. All separators, regardless of farm
specific affects on separation performance, captured no more than 25 percent of the nitrogen and
phosphorus in the solid effluent stream. Implications on each farm’s CAFO plan were analyzed and
the results are presented.

Mechanical Solid-Liquid Manure Separation: Performance Evaluation on Four New York State Dairy Farms – A Preliminary Report

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