Intervertebral disc herniation is a common cause of neurologic dysfunction in dogs. This article reviews the anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnostic imaging, treatment options, and prognosis for canine cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease. The extensive literature pertinent to intervertebral disc disease is reviewed with the goal of summarizing the information available to help clinicians in their decision making.

Intervertebral disc disease in dogs.

Evidence of intervertebral disk degeneration (IVDD) is extremely common in dogs, and its prevalence increases with age. It has many important consequences because degeneration of the intervertebral disks often is a prelude to disk herniation, which can injure the spinal cord, spinal nerves, or both. This review summarizes the advances in diagnosis and treatment of IVDD that have been made since the 1950s when the first detailed description of the degenerative changes was published. It also discusses new approaches to treatment of the associated spinal cord injury and new methods by which to classify injury severity that are currently under development.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jvim.12183

Intervertebral disk degeneration in dogs: consequences, diagnosis, treatment, and future directions.

The present work aims to report and describe the Intervertebral Disc Disease, a discopathy which is responsible for the largest spinal cord compression rate, through the extrusion of the pulpous nucleus (Hansen type I) or protrusion of the fibrous ring into the vertebral canal (Hansen type II). It is important a complete anamnesis, physical and complementary examinations for diagnosis. When diagnosed in less than 48 hours after the beginning of the nervous symptomatology, the prognosis may be favorable. The treatment consists of removing the contents that are compressing the marrow by surgical intervention , this conduct is recommended especially when the spinal cord compression caused by disc herniation is graduated in III, IV and V, or conservative treatment in I or II graduations, by movement restriction associated with medications.

Intervertebral disc disease - Literature review

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration can cause chronic lower back pain (LBP), leading to disability. Despite significant advances in the treatment of discogenic LBP, the limitations of current treatments have sparked interest in biological approaches, including growth factor and stem cell injection, as new treatment options for patients with chronic LBP due to IVD degeneration (IVDD). Gene therapy represents exciting new possibilities for IVDD treatment, but treatment is still in its infancy. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to provide an overview of the principles and current state of gene therapy for IVDD. Gene transfer to degenerated disc cells in vitro and in animal models is reviewed. In addition, this review describes the use of gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) and gene editing by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in vitro and in animal models. Significant technological advances in recent years have opened the door to a new generation of intradiscal gene therapy for the treatment of chronic discogenic LBP.

/pdf/genetic-therapy-for-intervertebral-disc-degeneration-1jmxuxelyc.pdf

Genetic Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

Objective—To evaluate a questionnaire for obtaining owner-perceived, weighted quality-oflife assessments for dogs with spinal cord injuries. Design—Evaluation study. Animals—100 dogs with spinal cord injuries and 48 healthy control dogs. Procedures—The questionnaire was adapted from a questionnaire (the schedule for the evaluation of individual quality of life–direct weighting) used for human patients. Specifically, owners were asked to identify 5 areas or activities they believed had the most influence on their dogs' quality of life, assess their dogs' current status in each of those areas, and provide a weighting for the importance of each area. Results were used to construct a weighted quality-of-life score ranging from 0 to 100 for each dog. Owners were also asked to provide a quality-of-life score with a visual analog scale (VAS). Results—A good correlation was found between weighted and VAS quality-of-life scores. Dogs with spinal cord injuries had weighted quality-of-life scores that were significa...

Evaluation of a questionnaire for obtaining owner-perceived, weighted quality-of-life assessments for dogs with spinal cord injuries

OBJECTIVE

To determine the success of medical management of presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and the variables associated with treatment outcome.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS

Dogs (n=223) with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation.

METHODS

Medical records from 2 clinics were used to identify affected dogs, and owners were mailed a questionnaire about success of therapy, recurrence of clinical signs, and quality of life (QOL) as interpreted by the owner. Signalment, duration and degree of neurologic dysfunction, and medication administration were determined from medical records.

RESULTS

Eighty-three percent of dogs (185/223) were ambulatory at initial evaluation. Successful treatment was reported for 54.7% of dogs, with 30.9% having recurrence of clinical signs and 14.4% classified as therapeutic failures. From bivariable logistic regression, glucocorticoid administration was negatively associated with success (P=.008; odds ratio [OR]=.48) and QOL scores (P=.004; OR=.48). The duration of cage rest was not significantly associated with success or QOL. Nonambulatory dogs were more likely to have lower QOL scores (P=.01; OR=2.34).

CONCLUSIONS

Medical management can lead to an acceptable outcome in many dogs with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. Cage rest duration does not seem to affect outcome and glucocorticoids may negatively impact success and QOL. The conclusions in this report should be interpreted cautiously because of the retrospective data collection and the use of client self-administered questionnaire follow-up.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These results provide an insight into the success of medical management for presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and may allow for refinement of treatment protocols.

Evaluation of the Success of Medical Management for Presumptive Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs

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Evaluation of the Success of Medical Management for Presumptive Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs