Religion in Chinese Society

Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao.

"Anywhere with Jesus, Everywhere with Jesus": American Women's Foreign Mission@@@The World Their Household: The American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation, 1870-1920@@@The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China

Elman argues that China’s national civil-service examination system, as administered from 1384 to 1905, was a joint product of the ruling monarchy and the nation’s afouent classes. It perpetuated both a mandarin predominance in the higher levels of government and a scholar–gentry hegemony in local society. Elman characterizes his colossal, almost encyclopedic work, as “cultural” history, emphasizing exactly how the exams were run, what questions were put to candidates, and what grading standards were applied. The author ands both strong continuity (Ch’eng-Chu Neo-Confucian orthodoxy) as well as surprising change (for example, the Qing dynasty’s dropping of “natural studies” in favor of questions about history and the new “evidential” studies that were developed in the eighteenth century). Too hastily, the Qing scuttled the whole system in 1905, creating serious, unforeseen cultural consequences. Elman acknowledges the inouence of Bourdieu and Passeron, with special reference to their ideas about cultural reproduction, although he modiaes their ahistoricism and edits out their hostility to institutions and intellectual authority.1 In this context, it is possible to discern the inouence on his own thinking of the history-minded “evidential research” (k’ao-cheng) that was developed in Qing China, and to which he devoted a well-received book in 1984.2 No other society on the globe offers anything resembling to China’s exam system. In the United States, comparable tests for entry into any level of government would require (1) a rote knowledge of sacred texts, such as the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, with special emphasis on the founding fathers’ original intent; (2) a thorough grounding in the lessons of American political history; and (3) an ability to discuss the pros and cons of such past and current issues as the annexation of Hawaii, the rise of afarmative action, or the problems of illegal immigration. These exams would be written in Latin, or some other language different from English. Every male child whose parents could afford the expense would take the threetiered exams—at county, state, and national levels—but only a fraction short of 1 percent would make it all the way to the anal level and ofacial appointment. Dealing with the 99 percent failure rate would pose problems of major “cultural” dimensions. How that problem was handled in China throughout the 500 years of the examination REVIEWS | 673

A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. By

Philip C. C. Huang. The author integrates three major traditions of peasant studies and uses vast quantities of new materials to present a convincing interpretation of the origins and nature of the agrarian crisis that gripped the North China Plain in the two centuries before the Revolution. Through a comparison of the histories of small family farms and larger scale managerial farms, the author documents and illustrates the long-term trends of agricultural commercialization, social differentiation, and mounting population pressure. He shows how those changes combined to produce, within the small peasant economy, a noncapitalizing managerial elite and a partially proletarianized peasantry, a pattern of change different from and more volatile than the development in Western Europe of a capitalizing elite and a proletarianizing peasantry. $37.50

華北的小農經濟與社會變遷 = The Peasant economy and social change in North China

This course is designed to introduce graduate students to the scholarly literature in English on modern Chinese history, from the Qing through the Republican and Communist periods to the present. The course is intended for students preparing a second or third field on China or East Asia in History, and for students specializing on China or East Asia in other departments. At the end you will have read a good sampling of more important works, and have a grasp of what else is available that you might like to read or consult. On the grounds that history is a book discipline B that the literature of significance to historians is for the most part books and that articles are frequently just precursors for books B we will deal only with scholarly monographs and not with articles, collections of articles, or other kinds of works. The list of works that follows is a selection (believe it or not) of what I think are important works; the ones I like best are marked with an asterisk. It goes without saying that such judgments are inevitably in part subjective. You are to read a book each week, beginning on week 2. To make sure each person reads a different book, so that we can sample and discuss more works, you must inform me first, by email or telephone. The readings are to be chosen from the lists that follow, in accord with your interests. Try to select most of your readings for the semester as early as possible, in consultation with me. Each week you will write a paper of about 2 pages, single-spaced, on your book, its main points, thesis, methodology, and significance. The paper should be addressed to your fellow students telling them clearly what is in this book that is most useful for them to know. You may find it useful to look at published book reviews to get a sense of where it fits into the broader body of historical literature. Bring to class copies for your fellow students and for me. In class you will also give a 10-15 minute oral presentation on your book, and we will have some discussion about each book. The items listed under week 1 are for your reference only. Depending on how much background you have in modern Chinese history, you may find it useful to have a survey or other book at hand to consult.

http://www.misterdann.com/syllabusproject/ArkushDHIS292.pdf

Readings in modern chinese history

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Readings in modern chinese history