Sustainability in Question. The Search for a Conceptual Framework

La jachere, qui a fait partie des pratiques culturales courantes autrefois en Europe, est encore tres presente aujourd'hui dans de nombreux pays. Du fait de l'evolution de la politique agricole communautaire (PAC), la question de la jachere est a nouveau d'actualite comme moyen de retrait de terres cultivees. Afin de limiter la production en cereales, oleagineux et proteagineux (les « COP »), la nouvelle PAC impose en effet a tous les agriculteurs qui veulent beneficier des « aides directes », une mise en jachere de 15% de leurs surfaces cumulees en ces cultures, au dela d'un certain seuil de production.

La jachère et ses fonctions agronomiques, économiques et environnementales. Diagnostic actuel

تعتبر الحبوب الغذاء الأساسي للسكان ومحصول إستراتيجي هام، والركيزة الأساسية للأمن الغذائي في الجزائر، وتعتبر ولاية سعيدة رائدة في إنتاج الحبوب، لكن كفاءتها تبقى دون المطلوب. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس تأثير العوامل التفسيرية المتمثلة في العوامل المناخية ومقدار التمويل وتوفير السكن الريفي على عدم الكفاءة الفنية لإنتاج القمح لبلديات محافظة سعيدة باستخدام منهج التحليل الحدودي العشوائي خلال الفترة 2015/2020. بينت النتائج الدراسة أن تقييم دالة الإنتاج الحدودي حسب طريقه الإمكان الأعظم للتقدير قد تمت وفقا للنموذج العشوائي، وأن مرونة كل من مساحة الأرض المزروعة والأرض المسقية والأرض المسمدة والمكننة قد بلغت (0.62، 0.28، 0.98، 0.5) على التوالي ويشير ذلك الى العلاقة الايجابية بين هذه المدخلات وإنتاج الجبوب، ووجود تأثير عكسي لكمية المبيدات على انتاج الحبوب. كما بينت النتائج أن عدم الكفاءة الفنية كان لها تأثير على تباين إنتاج الحبوب بمقاطعة سعيدة، وأن ظاهرة عدم الكفاءة تبقى مهمة في زراعة الحبوب في مقاطعة سعيدة ويجب إعتمادها في نماذج الإنتاج.

دراسة العوامل المؤثرة في الكفاءة الفنية لمزارع الحبوب في الجزائر: دراسة حالة لبلديات ولاية سعيدة

Plant height is an important agronomic trait related to plant architecture
 and grain yield in wheat. We investigated the effects of the gibberellic
 acid (GA)-insensitive Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing alleles in a set of
 599 F4:5 spring wheat breeding lines grown in rainfed and supplemental
 irrigation conditions at Setif semi-arid high plateaus region (Algeria).
 Genotyping of diagnostic markers was performed using Kompetitive Allele
 Specific PCR assays. The Rht-B1b mutant allele was present in 66% of the
 evaluated lines, while the Rht-D1b allele was found only in 8% of the lines.
 Relative to wild-type, Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b alone reduced plant height by 16.0
 and 16.3% in rainfed, and by 20.7 and 21.8% in irrigated environments,
 respectively. The two dwarfing alleles when combined decreased height by
 39.3 and 56.6% in rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The
 semi-dwarf breeding lines generally outperformed the tall genotypes for
 yield and yield components including the number of grains per spike and
 harvest index irrespective of environment. Variation in heading date under
 the influence of dwarfing alleles has not been found. In addition,
 above-ground biomass was reduced in most of the short statured lines,
 compared to their tall counter parts across environments. We also
 demonstrate clear yield and yield components penalty for Rht-B1b + Rht-D1b
 double dwarf backgrounds.

Genetic effects of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing alleles on plant height and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines

The present study aims to characterise dairy cattle farms in two Algerian agro-ecological regions; the semi-arid region (SAR) and the arid region (AR). The survey was carried out on 213 farms. Accordingly, more than 40% of farms are characterised by small herds with ≤15 heads/farm and ≤5 dairy cows/herd. SAR farms benefit from both agricultural land types of 1–300 ha (Used Agricultural Area UAA and pastoral area), while the Saharan ones rely on small UAA. Fertility levels were higher in SAR farms where is recorded a fertility index ≤2 in 92.6% and open period ≤90 days postpartum in 68.6% with a mean lactation length exceeding 305 days in 44.6% farms. The average daily milk yield is 15 litres/cow in both regions. It is recommended to implement strategic and reliable farm management to improve herd management, minimise constraints, and maximise production, particularly in the AR. 

Dairy cattle breeding practices, production and constraints in arid and semi-arid Algerian bioclimatic environments

The food deficit that has prevailed for more than 50 years in the Algerian agricultural sector, the problem of land depletion due mainly to the regression of organic matter levels in soils generated by cereals fallow system, widely practiced in the Algerian semi-arid zones, and the evolution of the expectations of consumers, multiply to infinity the need to assess cropping systems sustainability. To reach this goal we have integrated 10 agro ecologic and economic indicators values into a global sustainability index (Sg) ranking from 0 to 1, applying continuous non-linear sustainability functions that use thresholds defining what is sustainable, unsustainable, or intermediate. Data needed to calculate the indicators was getting from face to face interview with farmers for 140 fields practicing 6 cereals-based cropping systems (cereal worked and pastured fallow, continues cereal, cereal potatoes, grain legumes or other crops) in Souk Ahras high plains region (east of Algeria).The evaluation results showed that cereal other crops and cereal potatoes systems have a better overall sustainability despite the fact that some of the indicators can be negatively impacted. Cereal worked fallow has the lowest sustainability. The high value of economic indicators; variable cost and gross income explain the first result, poor economic performance, and inadequate soil management make that cereal worked fallow has the lowest sustainability. Cereal grain legumes system is supported by the state as part of the program of resorption of fallow; but it has an intermediate durability, with high agro ecological performances, and moderate economic sustainability due to the lack of mastery of technical itinerary.

/pdf/assessing-agro-ecological-and-economic-sustainability-of-3mut3nb488.pdf

Assessing agro-ecological and economic sustainability of cereals-based cropping systems in souk ahras high plains (east algeria)

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Assessing agro-ecological and economic sustainability of cereals-based cropping systems in souk ahras high plains (east algeria)