The aim of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is to help people (e.g., elderly, children) to have an independent and monitored life with the use and assistance of technology. For this population, specific technologies have been developed; many of those technologies (i.e., hardware, software) use sensors and embedded systems. Although there are many studies that address AAL approaches, no systematic literature reviews have been presented that cover hardware and software working together and take into account specific disabilities. Therefore, in this paper a systematic literature review of primary studies related to AAL is presented, which is focused on establishing software and hardware relations working together in order to solve or support specific disabilities. In this study, 3297 articles were extracted, from them only 48 were selected after applying the corresponding inclusion and exclusion criteria.

A Systematic Literature Review on Devices and Systems for Ambient Assisted Living: Solutions and Trends from Different User Perspectives

Mineral-based bulk structural materials (MBSMs) are known for their long history and extensive range of usage. The inherent brittleness of minerals poses a major problem to the performance of MBSMs. To overcome this problem, design principles have been extracted from natural biominerals, in which the extraordinary mechanical performance is achieved via the hierarchical organization of minerals and organics. Nevertheless, precise and efficient fabrication of MBSMs with bioinspired hierarchical structures under mild conditions has long been a big challenge. This Perspective provides a panoramic view of an emerging fabrication strategy, matrix-directed mineralization, which imitates the in vivo growth of some biominerals. The advantages of the strategy are revealed by comparatively analyzing the conventional fabrication techniques of artificial hierarchically structured MBSMs and the biomineral growth processes. By introducing recent advances, we demonstrate that this strategy can be used to fabricate artificial MBSMs with hierarchical structures. Particular attention is paid to the mass transport and the precursors that are involved in the mineralization process. We hope this Perspective can provide some inspiring viewpoints on the importance of biomimetic mineralization in material fabrication and thereby spur the biomimetic fabrication of high-performance MBSMs.

Matrix-Directed Mineralization for Bulk Structural Materials.

Nature is a substantial repository for various kinds of aquatic, terrestrial, and wind‐borne plants and animals adapting extensively to sustain life on earth's different environmental conditions. The organisms or structures of these natural creatures possess extraordinary properties or functionalities through well‐organizing usually weak biopolymers and bioinorganic structures, which provide good examples to emulate their mechanical and structural characteristics in materials innovations and discoveries. This review collectively investigates the studies of the structures and mechanical properties of some representative fauna and flora with robust mechanical properties and the corresponding bioinspired materials with mimicking structures and mechanical properties. By learning from the natural structures with robust mechanical properties, bioinspired materials and composites with superior mechanical performance to the constituent materials have been designed and fabricated. Via this study, there is hope to draw some principles for designing innovative materials with extraordinary properties from existing common materials by learning from nature. It is expected that the understanding of the extraordinary natural mechanical properties and the robust bioinspired materials can provide some insights into the design of novel materials and composites.

/pdf/bioinspired-robust-mechanical-properties-for-advanced-2clj3fid.pdf

Bioinspired Robust Mechanical Properties for Advanced Materials

A user of a smartphone may feel convenient, happy, safe, etc., if his/her smartphone works smartly based on his/her context or the context of the device. In this article, we deal with the position of a smartphone on the body and carrying items like bags as the context of a device. The storing position of a smartphone impacts the performance of the notification to a user, as well as the measurement of embedded sensors, which plays an important role in a device’s functionality control, accurate activity recognition and reliable environmental sensing. In this article, nine storing positions, including four types of bags, are subject to recognition using an accelerometer on a smartphone. In total, 63 features are selected as a set of features among 182 systematically-defined features, which can characterize and discriminate the motion of a smartphone terminal during walking. As a result of leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, an accuracy of 0.801 for the nine-class classification is shown, while an accuracy of 0.859 is obtained against five classes, which merges the subclasses of trouser pockets and bags. We also show the basic performance evaluation to select the proper window size and classifier. Furthermore, the analysis of the contributive features is presented.

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/7/2/21/pdf

On-Body Smartphone Localization with an Accelerometer

Little attention has been given to food waste prevention in households by changing consumers' behaviors. In this paper, we present a social recipe recommender which is a mobile application being developed to reduce food waste in households by recommending recipes to a group of connected people. The application will allow the logging of food and waste related daily practices and will persuade a group of users to share their food by recommending recipes based on available ingredients within this group. The method of data collection, persuasion and the experiments are described through this paper.

/pdf/social-recipe-recommendation-to-reduce-food-waste-11cs56sqnr.pdf

Social recipe recommendation to reduce food waste

The excessive consumption of resource such as water and electricity is a societal issue, in which a persuasive technology is getting attention to address the issue. The amount of resource usage is often utilized as a persuasive eco-feedback, however, the information merely increases the awareness of resource usage, or a user might be frustrated against a feedback in an exceptionally unavoidable excessive consumption. In this paper, we augment a household refrigerator with sensors and a display to realize an eco-feedback that reflects user's wasteful behaviors in resource usage to make the feedback more persuasive and acceptable. We conducted a user study with a family for two weeks. The result implies the effectiveness of "waste-based" presentation compared with a traditional "amount-based" one.

PerFridge: An Augmented Refrigerator That Detects and Presents Wasteful Usage for Eco-Persuasion

The ability to walk is particularly important to maintain a person's quality of life (QOL). In today's aged society, ways to support the impaired gait of elderly people with a decline in physical function is in great demand. This paper proposes wearable projector-based gait assistance as a novel application of mobile projectors. The technical challenge is to compensate the projected image with the intended position and size during walking. To verify the concept, we developed a self-gait training assistance system that displays stride length information on the floor while the user is walking. We conducted a study with ten healthy older adults (ages: 76-91). The results show the effectiveness of visual clues in controlling stride length and elderly people's acceptance of the wearable projector device.

A wearable projector-based gait assistance system and its application for elderly people

In this paper, we propose a concept of real-time walking support system for the elderly who need preventive care. The system presents visual information on the floor by a wearable projector. Moreover, we describe a method to reduce swing of projected images during walking. Such unstability of projected images does not only affect the view ability, but also makes it difficult to present spatial information, such as footstep. An implementation of a stabilizing functionality is presented. The result of a quantitative experiment showed that an error in the projected position was reduced by 48.7%. Additionally, the result of a qualitative evaluation supported the effect of stabilization.

Stabilization of Projected Image for Wearable Walking Support System Using Pico-projector

In recent years, various sensors are embedded into a so-called smartphone. A human-probe community is paying great attention to a smartpohne as a sensing node because it allows users to participate sensing activity easily. However, on-body localization of a sensor is critical issue if we utilize a smartphone as a sensing platform for human-probe. For instance, acceleration, temperature or humidity values are affected significantly by on-body position of a terminal.

In this paper, we propose a human-probe system that considers on-body position of a sensor. A general architecture is presented, and a heatstroke alert map is implemented, which visualizes a risk of heatstroke by taking into account on-body position of a sensor. Additionally, we introduce TALESEA, which is an external environmental sensing module for an Android smartphone.

A Human-Probe System That Considers On-body Position of a Mobile Phone with Sensors

A variety of portable heatstroke risk alert devices are available on the market in Japan; however, an issue in such an environmental measurement device is that the measurement might not be correct if the instrument is not outside, such as in a trousers pocket. We experimentally show the on-body placement-dependency of the measurement. To avoid possible distrust on an over-estimated alert and being at higher risk for heatstroke due to under-estimation, we designed a system that generates an alert message by reflecting the storing position. A prototype system was implemented on a commercial Android-based smartphone, which collects temperature and relative humidity readings from an external device via USB.

An On-Body Placement-Aware Heatstroke Alert on a Smartphone

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