Every few years, a new material with unique properties emerges and fascinates the scientific community, typical recent examples being high-temperature superconductors and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is the latest sensation with unusual properties, such as half-integer quantum Hall effect and ballistic electron transport. This two-dimensional material which is the parent of all graphitic carbon forms is strictly expected to comprise a single layer, but there is considerable interest in investigating two-layer and few-layer graphenes as well. Synthesis and characterization of graphenes pose challenges, but there has been considerable progress in the last year or so. Herein, we present the status of graphene research which includes aspects related to synthesis, characterization, structure, and properties.

Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial

Graphene is a fascinating new nanocarbon possessing, single-, bi- or few- (≤ ten) layers of carbon atoms forming six-membered rings. Different types of graphene have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The extraordinary electronic properties of single-and bi-layer graphenes are indeed most unique and unexpected. Other properties of graphene such as gas adsorption characteristics, magnetic and electrochemical properties and the effects of doping by electrons and holes are equally noteworthy. Interestingly, molecular charge-transfer also markedly affects the electronic structure and properties of graphene. Many aspects of graphene are yet to be explored, including synthetic strategies which can yield sufficient quantities of graphene with the desired number of layers.

Graphene, the new nanocarbon

The electronic structure of nanographene having open edges around its circumference crucially depends on its edge shape. The circumference of an arbitrary shaped nanographene sheet is described in terms of a combination of zigzag and armchair edges. According to theoretical suggestions, nanographene has a non-bonding π-electron state (edge state) localized in zigzag edges. This is reminiscent of the non-bonding π -electron state appearing in non-Kekule-type aromatic molecules. The localized spins of the edge states can give rise to unconventional magnetism in nanographene such as carbon-only ferromagnetism, magnetic switching phenomenon, spin glass state, etc. Nanographene can be prepared by heat-induced conversion of nanodiamond particles. Nanographene ribbons are found by chance around step edges of graphite. The detailed structures of individual nanographene ribbons thus found can be characterized by resonance Raman experiments in which the graphitic G-band is used as a fingerprint. A nanographene shee...

Electronic structures of graphene edges and nanographene

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1468-6996/11/5/054502/pdf

A study of the synthetic methods and properties of graphenes

High-temperature ferromagnetism in graphene and other graphite-derived materials reported by several workers has attracted considerable interest. Magnetism in graphene and graphene nanoribbons is ascribed to defects and edge states, the latter being an essential feature of these materials. Room-temperature ferromagnetism in graphene is affected by the adsorption of molecules, especially hydrogen. Inorganic graphene analogues formed by layered materials such as BN and MoS2 also show such ferromagnetic behaviour. Magnetoresistance observed in graphene and graphene nanoribbons is of significance because of the potential applications.

Unusual magnetic properties of graphene and related materials

Drastic effect of water-adsorption on the magnetism of carbon nanomagnets

Magnetism of nano-graphite and its assembly

Physisorption-induced change in the magnetism of microporous carbon

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Drastic effect of water-adsorption on the magnetism of carbon nanomagnets

Magnetism of nano-graphite and its assembly

Physisorption-induced change in the magnetism of microporous carbon