A series of new sulfone compounds containing the 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety were designed and synthesized. Their structures were identified by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analyses. Antibacterial bioassays indicated that most compounds exhibited promising in vitro antibacterial bioactivities against tobacco bacterial wilt at 200 μg/mL. The relationship between structure and antibacterial activity was also discussed. Among the title compounds, 5′c, 5′h, 5′i, and 5′j could inhibit mycelia growth of Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro by approximately 50% (EC50) at 39.8, 60.3, 47.9, and 32.1 μg/mL, respectively. Among them, compound 5′j was identified as the most promising candidate due to its stronger effect than that of Kocide 3000 [Cu(OH)2] within the same concentration range. Field trials demonstrated that the control effect of compound 5′j against tobacco bacterial wilt was better than that of the commercial bactericide Saisentong. For the first time, the present work demonstrated that s...

Inhibition of tobacco bacterial wilt with sulfone derivatives containing an 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety.

An ozone-generative electrostatic spore precipitator was developed to protect nursery-stage seedlings of tomato from both airborne conidia of powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) and root-infecting pathogen propagules of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and fusarium crown and root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici). The device was a cylindrical electrostatic spore precipitator (S2 cylinder) in which a positively charged straight conductor wire insulated with a transparent acrylic cylinder originated from a spore-precipitation cylinder (S1 cylinder) designed to physically control airborne conidia of tomato powdery mildew in greenhouses. The S2 cylinder consisted of two sites for conidial attraction and ozone production. The site for ozone production was located at the end of the cylinder, where an earthed copper conductor ring (as a cathode) was attached to the edge of the cylinder, responding to the anodal tip of a positively charged central conductor wire. Distinct types of discharge (corona, corona-streamer, streamer and arc discharge) occurred between the two electrodes and were dependant on the voltages applied to the wire and the distances between the electrodes. The highest ozone production was observed through streamer discharge. The remaining portion of the S2 cylinder, which was dielectrically polarized by a positively charged wire, created a non-uniform electric field outside the cylinder to attract conidia that came into the generated field. Hydroponic culture troughs to raise tomato seedlings in a nursery greenhouse were paralleled with S2 cylinders. The aim was to control rhizosphere pathogens R. solanacearum and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and to prevent them entering the hydroponic system during cultivation, while at the same time trapping O. neolycopersici conidia in the spaces between the cylinders. The results indicated that susceptible tomato plants in culture troughs attached to the S2 cylinders remained uninfected by both rhizosphere and aerial pathogens throughout the experimental period (2 and 3 weeks, respectively). This suggests that the present system will enable the dual control of both these pathogens in hydroponic systems in greenhouses.

/pdf/dual-protection-of-hydroponic-tomatoes-from-rhizosphere-57w4byqnev.pdf

Dual protection of hydroponic tomatoes from rhizosphere pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis‐lycopersici and airborne conidia of Oidium neolycopersici with an ozone‐generative electrostatic spore precipitator

Spectroscopic investigation, vibrational assignments, Fukui functions, HOMO-LUMO, MEP and molecular docking evaluation of 4 – [(3, 4 – dichlorophenyl) amino] 2 – methylidene 4 – oxo butanoic acid by DFT method

Dual functions (insect repelling and capturing) of a single-charged dipolar electric field screen were evaluated to successfully exclude whiteflies from a window-open greenhouse. The screen consisted of three parts: 1) insulated conductor wires (ICWs) arrayed in parallel at 5 mm intervals, 2) two earthed stainless nets placed within 3 mm of both sides of the ICW layer, and 3) a voltage generator for the negatively charged ICWs. The screen formed two electric fields between the ICW-layer and the ICW-side surface of the earthed net and between the ICWs. At negative charging of 1.5–2.5 kV, all whiteflies reaching the outer surface of the screen net avoided entering the electric field and flew away from the screen. This avoidance was disturbed by 3 m s−1 wind, as the insects were compulsorily blown inside. However, almost all whiteflies (99.4 %) were captured with the ICW. These results indicate that the insect-capturing function is effective to complement a failure to repel. A greenhouse assay was conducted in the screen-attached and non-screened parts in which a greenhouse was divided with a partition. During the 3-month operation, the screen was durable and functional for excluding pests, and better air ventilation changed the climate conditions in the greenhouse. Thus, the present study demonstrated that our electric field screen can provide an airy condition for tomatoes in a window-open greenhouse and successfully exclude whiteflies using dual screen functions.

/pdf/an-electric-field-strongly-deters-whiteflies-from-entering-26jocsrlie.pdf

An electric field strongly deters whiteflies from entering window-open greenhouses in an electrostatic insect exclusion strategy

An electric dipolar screen with oppositely polarized insulators for excluding whiteflies from greenhouses

Algicidal effect of 3-(3-indolyl)butanoic acid, a control agent of the bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum

Some Indole derivatives were examined for their algicidal activity to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the isolate of Chlamydomonas sp. which was isolated from the green algae-generating hydroponic solution in the hydroponic trough of the greenhouse. Of nine compounds tested, 3-indolepropionic acid, 3-indoleacrylic acid and 3- (3-indolyl) butanoic acid could suppress multiplication of C. reinhardtii cells. Although the first one exhibited the strong phytotoxicity, the latter two compounds were effective at lower concentrations which did not cause any toxic effect on the growth of tomato seedlings. In addition, 3-indoleacrylic acid and 3- (3-indolyl) butanoic acid inhibited the multiplication of Chlamydomonas green algae which were actively growing in our hydroponic facilities, and suppressed the algal emergence on the synthetic sponge cubes soaked in the hydroponic solution which had been inoculated with green algae. The present study suggests that these compounds have a potential to be used as an algicide for the hydroponics of crop plants.

Effects of Indole Derivatives on the Growth of Chlamydomonas spp. as Causal Green Algae in the Hydroponics System

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Algicidal effect of 3-(3-indolyl)butanoic acid, a control agent of the bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum

Effects of Indole Derivatives on the Growth of Chlamydomonas spp. as Causal Green Algae in the Hydroponics System