https://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2012/cochranrvwrschbias.pdf

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.

/pdf/triclosan-an-update-on-biochemical-and-molecular-mechanisms-i5vvzuh44n.pdf

Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms

Periodontal diseases are one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, which are initiated and sustained by pathogenic plaque biofilms. Central to modern periodontology is the idea that dysbiosis of periodontal microecology and disorder of host inflammatory response gives rise to degradation of periodontal tissues together, which eventually leads to tooth loss, seriously affecting the life quality of patients. Probiotics were originally used to treat intestinal diseases, while in recent years, extensive studies have been exploring the utilization of probiotics in oral disease treatment and oral healthcare. Probiotic bacteria derived from the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Weissella are found to play an effective role in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases via regulating periodontal microbiota or host immune responses. Here, we review the research status of periodontal health-promoting probiotic species and their regulatory effects. The current issues on the effectiveness and safety of probiotics in the management of periodontal diseases are also discussed at last. Taken together, the use of probiotics is a promising approach to prevent and treat periodontal diseases. Nevertheless, their practical use for periodontal health needs further research and exploration.

/pdf/probiotic-species-in-the-management-of-periodontal-diseases-ufg0qopd.pdf

Probiotic Species in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: An Overview

Introduction: bonded fixed retainers are often used to stabilize the results obtained with the orthodontic treatment. It is important that they do not prejudice dental health, as they will be used for a long period. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare periodontal indexes between two types of bonded fixed retainers, conventional 3 x 3 plain retainer (0.8-mm orthodontic wire, bonded to the canines only) and a manufactured braided retainer (0.2 x 0.7-mm stainless steel wire, bonded to all anterior teeth) after use. Methods: a test group of 15 volunteers (aged from 18 to 25 years) used both the conventional retainer and braided retainer for six months. A randomized longitudinal study design, with a two week washout interval, was applied. The dental plaque index, gingival index and dental calculus index were evaluated. Furthermore, the calculus accumulated along the retainer wire was measured and all patients answered a questionnaire about the use, acceptance and comfort of both types of retainers. Results: the scores for plaque and gingival indexes were higher for the braided retainer (p< 0.05) on the lingual and proximal surfaces. The same occurred with the calculus index on the lingual surfaces (p< 0.05). The calculus index along wire was higher for the braided retainer (p< 0.05). All patients preferred the conventional retainer, and said that it was also more comfortable to use. Conclusion: it was concluded that the conventional retainer showed better periodontal indexes than the braided type.

/pdf/periodontal-parameters-of-two-types-of-3-x-3-orthodontic-1n7h8wwhr7.pdf

Periodontal parameters of two types of 3 x 3 orthodontic retainer: a longitudinal study.

Photocatalysts have multiple applications in air purifiers, paints, and self-cleaning coatings for medical devices such as catheters, as well as in the elimination of xenobiotics. In this study, a coating of a UV-responsive photocatalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), was applied to an orthodontic resin. The antibacterial activity on oral bacteria as well as hydrophilic properties and mechanical properties of the TiO₂-coated resin were investigated. ultraviolet A (UVA) (352 nm) light was used as the light source. Antibacterial activity was examined with or without irradiation. Measurements of early colonizers and cariogenic bacterial count, i.e., colony forming units (CFU), were performed after irradiation for different time durations. Hydrophilic properties were evaluated by water contact angle measurements. While, for the assessment of mechanical properties, flexural strength was measured by the three-point bending test. In the coat(+)light(+) samples the CFU were markedly decreased compared to the control samples. Water contact angle of the coat(+)light(+) samples was decreased after irradiation. The flexural strength of the specimen irradiated for long time showed a higher value than the required standard value, indicating that the effect of irradiation was weak. We suggest that coating with the ultraviolet responsive photocatalyst TiO₂ is useful for the development of orthodontic resin with antimicrobial properties.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/6/889/pdf

Antibacterial, Hydrophilic Effect and Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Resin Coated with UV-Responsive Photocatalyst

Reporting Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials of Periodontal Diseases in Journal Abstracts-A Cross-sectional Survey and Bibliometric Analysis.

Data sourcesMedline, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS and BBO databases with no language restrictions; unpublished literature was searched in Proquest Dissertations and Theses database, clinicaltrials.gov and controlled-trials.com.Study selectionRandomised and nonrandomised controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and case series (with a minimum sample size of 20 patients) in patients who underwent fixed or removable appliance orthodontic therapy with a minimum follow-up period of six months. The primary outcome was periodontal health; while failure rates, impact of orthodontic retainers on patient-reported outcomes and cost-effectiveness served as secondary outcomes.Data extraction and synthesisFull texts of relevant abstracts were retrieved and data extracted using pre-piloted data collection forms by two authors. Study quality was assessed with Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool (RCTs) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for non-randomised studies. Only RCTs at low or unclear risk of bias and non-randomised studies of moderate or high methodological quality were included in the meta-analysis (MA). If moderate to high heterogeneity was present (I2 > 50%), MA was not performed.ResultsOut of the 18 included RCTs, 11 were assessed to be of low risk of bias while five out of six prospective cohort studies were considered high quality using the NOS. The authors did not perform MA because of significant heterogeneity that existed among different studies.With regards to periodontal health, there was no significant difference in probing depth and bleeding on probing between fixed mandibular stainless steel (SS) retainers (bonded to anterior teeth or canines only), fibre reinforced composite retainers or Hawley retainers at three-year follow-up. However, there was increased plaque accumulation around fibre reinforced composite retainers compared to SS retainers. The failure rates of mandibular stainless steel fixed retainers bonded from canine to canine was 0.29 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.26, 0.33) over a follow-up period of six to 36 months. The failure risk for mandibular stainless steel fixed retainers bonded to canines only was 0.25 (CI, 0.16, 0.33) over a follow-up period of one to three years. A meta-regression showed that follow-up period was not a predictor of failure rate for mandibular stainless steel fixed retainers. The failure rates of removable retainers (Hawley's or vacuum formed retainers) are lower than the bonded fixed retainers. Removable Hawley's retainer was associated with increased discomfort as well as higher levels of embarrassment with speech and aesthetics. In terms of cost-effectiveness, vacuum-formed retainers were found to be significantly more cost-effective than Hawley retainers or mandibular stainless steel fixed retainers bonded to canines.ConclusionsThere is a lack of high-quality evidence to endorse the use of one type of orthodontic retainer based on their effect on periodontal health, risk of failure, patient-reported outcomes and cost-effectiveness.

Fixed and removable orthodontic retainers and periodontal health

Survival Rate of Delayed Implants Placed in Healed Extraction Sockets is Significantly Higher Than That of Immediate Implants Placed in Fresh Extraction Sockets.

Little difference between triclosan and stannous fluoride dentifrices on gingival inflammation

/pdf/little-difference-between-triclosan-and-stannous-fluoride-586wjtus8e.pdf

Little difference between triclosan and stannous fluoride dentifrices on gingival inflammation.

Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and LILACS database, review of references cited in included articles and a manual search of leading orthodontic journals. No language restrictions were imposed in the search. Study authors were contacted when necessary.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) in healthy patients that directly compared the adverse effects following treatment using buccal and lingual appliances. Studies involving single arch or dual arch appliances were considered. Studies on patients with systemic diseases, animal studies and in vitro studies were excluded. The primary outcomes of interest to the authors were a list of adverse effects: pain, caries, eating and speech difficulties and oral hygiene.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors reviewed the titles and abstracts of all studies identified through the search without blinding to names of authors or publication dates. Selected articles from searches were evaluated independently by two authors against established inclusion criteria, disagreements were resolved by consensus or by consulting a third author. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool (randomised trials) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomised studies. The level of agreement between the authors was assessed using the Cohen kappa statistic. A meta-analysis was performed to provide pooled effect estimate (expressed as odds ratio) as well as 95% confidence interval. The outcomes of interest were pain, caries, eating difficulties, speech difficulties and deficient oral hygiene. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 statistic and potential causes explored. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot.ResultsEight articles were included; three RCTs and five CCTs. One RCT was considered to be at high risk of bias, one moderate risk and one low risk. Of the non-randomised studies, four were low risk and one was high risk of bias. Six studies involving a total of 131 patients were included in a meta-analysis. The lingual appliance was associated with significant pain in the tongue (OR=28.32, 95% CI 8.6-93.28), difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene (OR=3.49, 95%CI 1.02-11.95) and greater speech difficulty (OR = 9.39, 95% CI 3.78-23.33) compared to buccal appliances. On the other hand, patients with lingual appliances had decreased pain in the lips and cheeks. There was no difference between the two appliances with regards to caries risk.ConclusionsLimited available evidence indicates that lingual orthodontic appliances are associated with increased pain in the tongue, speech difficulties and difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene.

Are there more adverse effects with lingual orthodontics

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