Alternative Monomers Based on Lignocellulose and Their Use for Polymer Production.

Levulinic acid is a sustainable platform molecule that can be upgraded to valuable chemicals and fuel additives. This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ-valerolactone derivatives such valeric esters, 5-nonanone, α-methylene-γ valerolactone, and other various molecular-weight alkanes (C9 and C18-C27 olefins).

/pdf/levulinic-acid-biorefineries-new-challenges-for-efficient-1y1q102jq3.pdf

Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and abundant source that can be used as a replacement for fossil resources in the sustainable production of speciality chemicals and transportation fuels. Over the last several decades, it has been demonstrated that one of the most effective methodology is to converse the high concentration of oxygen functionalized biomass monomers (e.g., cellulose, hemicelluloses) through de-functionalization into levulinic acid (LA) that has low oxygen content, followed by catalytic transformation of LA into fuels and valuable chemicals. This strategy currently seems to be the logical and promising alternative for sustainable development in the context of economic and environmental considerations. Besides, LA has been identified as one of the most promising platform chemicals for the sustainable production of fuels and commodity chemicals. This review is an up-to-date progress of literatures available on the subject of speciality chemicals and fuels derived from biomass through LA platform. The mechanism and current technologies for the production of LA are reviewed and compared. The potential theoretical calculation methods such as ab initio methods and density functional theories to predict the reaction pathway was also commented. The various transformation methods started from LA to speciality chemicals and fuels are critically reviewed. Among the various products, γ-valerolactone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and levuinate esters have been identified as promising fuels. The commercial diphenolic acid and delta-aminolevulinic acid have been widely utilized in many areas. The potential applications as well as fuel properties of these products are also discussed.

Production and catalytic transformation of levulinic acid: A platform for speciality chemicals and fuels

http://www.chtf.stuba.sk/~szolcsanyi/education/files/Chemia%20heterocyklickych%20zlucenin/Prednaska%207/Doplnkove%20studijne%20materialy/Cellulose/Chemical%20conversion%20pathways%20for%20carbohydrates.pdf

Chemical conversion pathways for carbohydrates

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2013/CY/C3CY20728E

Emerging catalytic processes for the production of adipic acid

The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed condensation between levulinic acid and phenol to form diphenolic acid (DPA) was investigated using a combination of sulfonated hyperbranched poly(arylene oxindole)s and thiols. Taft-type steric and electronic parameters were applied to study the correlation between the nature of the thiols and the condensation rate. The kinetic effect of thiols to tune the regiochemical control was shown to be dependent on the substituent size of the thiols. Although thiols cause an increase in the regioselectivity to the desired p,p′-DPA, the isomer distribution is found to converge to a thermodynamic equilibrium at high conversions of levulinic acid. The hitherto unconsidered acid-catalyzed isomerization of p,p′-DPA to o,p′-DPA was demonstrated by condensation reactions with both m-cresol and 13C-labeled phenol supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Mechanistic Insights into the Kinetic and Regiochemical Control of the Thiol-Promoted Catalytic Synthesis of Diphenolic Acid

Thiol-promoted catalytic synthesis of diphenolic acid with sulfonated hyperbranched poly(arylene oxindole)s

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Mechanistic Insights into the Kinetic and Regiochemical Control of the Thiol-Promoted Catalytic Synthesis of Diphenolic Acid

Thiol-promoted catalytic synthesis of diphenolic acid with sulfonated hyperbranched poly(arylene oxindole)s