Undesired ice accumulation leads to severe economic issues and, in some cases, loss of lives. Although research on anti-icing has been carried out for decades, environmentally harmless, economical, and efficient strategies for anti-icing remain to be developed. Recent researches have provided new insights into the icing phenomenon and shed light on some promising bio-inspired anti-icing strategies. The present review critically categorizes and discusses recent developments. Effectively trapping air in surface textures of superhydrophobic surfaces weakens the interaction of the surfaces with liquid water, which enables timely removal of impacting and condensed water droplets before freezing occurs. When ice already forms, ice adhesion can be significantly reduced if liquid is trapped in surface textures as a lubricating layer. As such, ice could be shed off by an action of wind or its gravity. In addition, bio-inspired anti-icing strategies via trapping or introducing other media, such as phase change mate...

Bio-inspired strategies for anti-icing.

Plant Freezing and Damage

http://publicationslist.org/data/myaish/ref-29/Trends.pdf

Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: a tale of two activities

Summary
Growth and activity at low temperatures and possible physiological and ecological mechanisms underlying survival of fungi isolated from the cold Arctic and Antarctic are reviewed here. Physiological mechanisms conferring cold tolerance in fungi are complex; they include increases in intracellular trehalose and polyol concentrations and unsaturated membrane lipids as well as secretion of antifreeze proteins and enzymes active at low temperatures. A combination of these mechanisms is necessary for the psychrotroph or psychrophile to function. Ecological mechanisms for survival might include cold avoidance; fungal spores may germinate annually in spring and summer, so avoiding the coldest months. Whether spores survive over winter or are dispersed from elsewhere is unknown. There are also few data on persistence of basidiomycete vs microfungal mycelia and on the relationship between low temperatures and the predominance of sterile mycelia in tundra soils. Acclimation of mycelia is a physiological adaptation to subzero temperatures; however, the extent to which this occurs in the natural environment is unclear. Melanin in dark septate hyphae, which predominate in polar soils, could protect hyphae from extreme temperatures and play a significant role in their persistence from year to year.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00177.x

Cold adaptation in Arctic and Antarctic fungi

Co-option occurs when natural selection finds new uses for existing traits, including genes, organs, and other body structures. Genes can be co-opted to generate developmental and physiological novelties by changing their patterns of regulation, by changing the functions of the proteins they encode, or both. This often involves gene duplication followed by specialization of the resulting paralogous genes into particular functions. A major role for gene co-option in the evolution of development has long been assumed, and many recent comparative developmental and genomic studies have lent support to this idea. Although there is relatively less known about the molecular basis of co-option events involving developmental pathways, much can be drawn from well-studied examples of the co-option of structural proteins. Here, we summarize several case studies of both structural gene and developmental genetic circuit co-option and discuss how co-option may underlie major episodes of adaptive change in multicellular organisms. We also examine the phenomenon of intraspecific variability in gene expression patterns, which we propose to be one form of material for the co-option process. We integrate this information with recent models of gene family evolution to provide a framework for understanding the origin of co-optive evolution and the mechanisms by which natural selection promotes evolutionary novelty by inventing new uses for the genetic toolkit.

Gene Co-Option in Physiological and Morphological Evolution

The physico-chemical characterization of a boiling stable antifreeze protein from a perennial grass (Lolium perenne).

Anti-freeze protein comprising at least 40 % of the amino acids S, T or N and having at least 80 % overlap with the following amino acid sequence: D-E-Q-P-N-T-I- S-G-S-N-N-T- V-R-S-G-S-K- N-V-L-A-G- N-D-N-T-V- I-S-G-D-N- N-S-V-S-G-S- N-N-T-V-V- S-G-N-D-N-T- V-T-G-S-N-H- V-V-S-G-T-N- H-I-V-T-D-N- N-N-N-V-S-G- N-D-N-N-V-S- G-S-F-H-T-V- S-G-G-H-N-T- V-S-G-S-N-N- T-V-S-G-S-N- H-V-V-S-G-S- N -K-V-V-T-D- A as well as modified versions thereof.

Frozen food product

We have discovered an antifreeze protein1 in an overwintering perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne. The protein is stable at 100 °C and although it is a less effective antifreeze than proteins found in antarctic fish and insects, it is better at preventing ice recrystallization. This property enables grasses to tolerate ice formation in their tissues without being damaged, suggesting that the control of ice-crystal growth rather than the prevention of freezing may have evolved to be the critical factor in their survival at very low temperatures.

Heat-stable antifreeze protein from grass

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The physico-chemical characterization of a boiling stable antifreeze protein from a perennial grass (Lolium perenne).

Frozen food product

Heat-stable antifreeze protein from grass