Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption.

Melatonin binding sites in the central nervous system.

This paper reviews epidemiological data to see if there are sex differentials in prevalence, density and clinical pathology due to lymphatic filariasis. Of 53 studies from Africa, South East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and The Americas, 43 showed a lower mean prevalence of infection in females than in males. Prevalence is consistently lower in women of reproductive age and this is statistically significant in 16 of 32 studies classified by age and sex. Density of infection is also lower in the reproductive age but may be higher in children and in older women. Clinical disease is also lower in women and pathology has a later age of onset and rise to peak prevalence than in males. The paper assesses the evidence that lower rates of infection and clinical pathology are due to less exposure of females to infective vectors. It seems unlikely that exposure alone could account for these differences which are observed for both bancroftian and brugian filariasis, irrespective of periodicity. Several investigators have suggested that females have increased resistance to infection and this is supported by serological studies showing high antibody positivity to adult worm antigens in females. The review concludes that the association with the reproductive years suggests a pregnancy-associated mechanism. This has important implications for maternal-fetal interactions and maternal filarial infection may influence the development of immunity in children.

/pdf/sex-differentials-in-susceptibility-to-lymphatic-filariasis-46h8t1p6l9.pdf

Sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal child immunity.

The pineal gland is a complex neuroendocrine organ with pronounced effects on central nervous system activity. Because previous studies in animals and humans have suggested an anticonvulsant role for the pineal hormone melatonin, we studied the day-night variations in plasma melatonin in normal children and children with febrile or epileptic convulsions. We found significant changes in day-night melatonin levels during convulsions, consistent with the hypothesis that melatonin has an inhibitory function on central nervous system activity.

Day-night variations in melatonin secretion by the pineal gland during febrile and epileptic convulsions in children.

Background
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by development of lesions associated with HPV#5 or HPV#8 in early childhood; malignant transformation occurs in approximately half of individuals during adulthood.

HPV typing in Brazilian patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: high prevalence of EV-HPV 25.

Ciba Foundation Symposium 117 - Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal

Ciba Foundation Symposium 120 - Papillomaviruses

Ciba Foundation Symposium 127 - Filariasis

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Ciba Foundation Symposium 117 - Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal

Ciba Foundation Symposium 120 - Papillomaviruses

Ciba Foundation Symposium 127 - Filariasis