A novel generation of flexible opto-electronic smart applications is now emerging, incorporating photovoltaic and sensing devices driven by the desire to extend and integrate such technologies into a broad range of low cost and disposable consumer products of our everyday life and as a tool to bring together the digital and physical worlds. Several flexible polymeric materials are now under investigation to be used as mechanical supports for such applications. Among them, cellulose, the most abundant organic polymer on the Earth, commonly used in the form of paper, has attracted much research interest due to the advantages of being recyclable, flexible, lightweight, biocompatible and extremely low-cost, when compared to other materials. Cellulose substrates can be found in many forms, from the traditional micro-cellulose paper used for writing, printing and food/beverage packaging (e.g. liquid packaging cardboard), to the nano-cellulose paper which has distinct structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties that can be tailored to its end use. The present article reviews the state-of-the-art related to the integration and optimization of photonic structures and light harvesting technologies on paper-based platforms, for applications such as Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), supporting remarkable 107 signal enhancement, and photovoltaic solar cells reaching ∼5% efficiency, for power supply in standalone applications. Such paper-supported technologies are now possible due to innovative coatings that functionalize the paper surfaces, together with advanced light management solutions (e.g. wave-optical light trapping structures and NIR-to-visible up-converters). These breakthroughs open the way for an innovative class of disposable opto-electronic products that can find widespread use and bring important added value to existing commercial products. By making these devices ubiquitous, flexible and conformable to any object or surface, will also allow them to become part of the core of the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution, which demands systems’ mobility and self-powering functionalities to satisfy the requirements of comfort and healthcare of the users.

Multifunctional cellulose-paper for light harvesting and smart sensing applications

A comprehensive review on ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique: Mechanism, main parameters and applications in condensed matter

Silver nanowire (AgNW)‐based transparent electrodes prepared via an all‐solution‐process are proposed as bottom electrodes in flexible perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). To enhance the chemical stability of AgNWs, a pinhole‐free amorphous aluminum doped zinc oxide (a‐AZO) protection layer is deposited on the AgNW network. Compared to its crystalline counterpart (c‐AZO), a‐AZO substantially improves the chemical stability of the AgNW network. For the first time, it is observed that inadequately protected AgNWs can evanesce via diffusion, whereas a‐AZO secures the integrity of AgNWs. When an optimally thick a‐AZO layer is used, the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode exhibits a transmittance of 88.6% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of 11.86 Ω sq−1, which is comparable to that of commercial fluorine doped tin oxide. The PVSCs fabricated with a configuration of Au/spiro‐OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3/ZnO/AZO/AgNW/AZO on rigid and flexible substrates can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 13.93% and 11.23%, respectively. The PVSC with the a‐AZO/AgNW/AZO composite electrode retains 94% of its initial PCE after 400 bending iterations with a bending radius of 12.5 mm. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of AgNWs as bottom electrodes in flexible PVSCs, which can facilitate the commercialization and large‐scale deployment of PVSCs.

All-Solution-Processed Silver Nanowire Window Electrode-Based Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled with Amorphous Metal Oxide Protection

Supercapacitors are rapidly emerging as a pivotal energy storage technology due to their high-power density, fast charging/discharging capabilities, and long cyclic life. This extensive review sheds light on the integral components of supercapacitors, emphasizing electrode materials and the diverse substrates they are interfaced with. The careful selection of appropriate electrode materials, along with their preparation and coating techniques on compatible substrates, significantly influences the performance and cost of supercapacitors. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing supercapacitor performance by modifying various substrates with nanomaterials. This review covers a range of supercapacitor substrates, including carbon-based substrates, indium tin oxide-coated glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass, nickel foam, stainless steel, and aluminum foil, discussing their modification with various nanomaterials such as carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal sulfides, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, and conductive polymers. Techniques such as drop casting, electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal methods, and printing techniques are utilized for these modifications. The advantages and disadvantages of each substrate and modification process are examined, focusing on how nanomaterials impact energy storage capacity, power density, and cycling stability. Using nanomaterials increases electrode surface area, leading to higher energy density, while suitable substrates facilitate precise control over nanomaterial modifications, resulting in improved charge storage capabilities. By providing insights into the fundamental knowledge of supercapacitors and emphasizing the potential of nanomaterials and their modification methodologies on various substrates, this review paper offers valuable information for scientists and engineers in the field of energy storage. 

Advanced strategies in electrode engineering and nanomaterial modifications for supercapacitor performance enhancement: A comprehensive review

Rapid transmission of infectious microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria through person-to-person contact has contributed significantly to global health issues. The high survivability of these microorganisms on the material surface enumerates their transmissibility to the susceptible patient. The antimicrobial coating has emerged as one of the most interesting technologies to prevent growth and subsequently kill disease-causing microorganisms. It offers an effective solution a non-invasive, low-cost, easy-in-use, side-effect-free, and environmentally friendly method to prevent nosocomial infection. Among antimicrobial coating, zinc oxide (ZnO) stands as one of the excellent materials owing to zero toxicity, high biocompatibility to human organs, good stability, high abundancy, affordability, and high photocatalytic performance to kill various infectious pathogens. Therefore, this review provides the latest research progress on advanced applications of ZnO nanostructure-based antibacterial coatings for medical devices, biomedical applications, and health care facilities. Finally, future challenges and clinical practices of ZnO-based antibacterial coating are addressed. 

/pdf/zno-based-antimicrobial-coatings-for-biomedical-applications-3fw60rli.pdf

ZnO-based antimicrobial coatings for biomedical applications

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on glass substrat by dip coating technique. The effects of sol aging time on the deposition of ZnO films was studied by using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical transmission techniques. The morphology of the films strongly depends on preparation route and deposition technique. It is noteworthy that films deposited from the freshly prepared solution feature indistinct characteristics; had relatively poor crystalline quality and low optical transmittance in the visible region. The increase in sol aging time resulted in a gradual improvement in crystallinity (in terms of peak sharpness and peak intensity) of the hexagonal phase for all diffraction peaks. Effect of sol aging on optical transparency is quite obvious through increased transmission with prolonged sol aging time. Interestingly, 72-168 h sol aging time was found to be optimal to achieve smooth surface morphology, good crystallinity and high optical transmittance which were attributed to an ideal stability of solution. These findings present a better-defined and more versatile procedure for production of clean ZnO sols of readily adjustable nanocrystalline size.

/pdf/morphological-structural-and-optical-properties-of-zno-thin-2xjh6eg3s2.pdf

Morphological, Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Dip Coating Method

Low-temperature spray-coating of high-performing ZnO:Al films for transparent electronics

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Morphological, Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Dip Coating Method

Low-temperature spray-coating of high-performing ZnO:Al films for transparent electronics