There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

This paper resulted from a conference entitled “Lactation and Milk: Defining and refining the critical questions” held at the University of Colorado School of Medicine from January 18–20, 2012. The mission of the conference was to identify unresolved questions and set future goals for research into human milk composition, mammary development and lactation. We first outline the unanswered questions regarding the composition of human milk (Section I) and the mechanisms by which milk components affect neonatal development, growth and health and recommend models for future research. Emerging questions about how milk components affect cognitive development and behavioral phenotype of the offspring are presented in Section II. In Section III we outline the important unanswered questions about regulation of mammary gland development, the heritability of defects, the effects of maternal nutrition, disease, metabolic status, and therapeutic drugs upon the subsequent lactation. Questions surrounding breastfeeding practice are also highlighted. In Section IV we describe the specific nutritional challenges faced by three different populations, namely preterm infants, infants born to obese mothers who may or may not have gestational diabetes, and infants born to undernourished mothers. The recognition that multidisciplinary training is critical to advancing the field led us to formulate specific training recommendations in Section V. Our recommendations for research emphasis are summarized in Section VI. In sum, we present a roadmap for multidisciplinary research into all aspects of human lactation, milk and its role in infant nutrition for the next decade and beyond.

/pdf/lactation-and-neonatal-nutrition-defining-and-refining-the-55ub6yw0ce.pdf

Lactation and Neonatal Nutrition: Defining and Refining the Critical Questions

Displacement and stress monitoring of a Panamax containership using inverse finite element method

Displacement and stress monitoring of a chemical tanker based on inverse finite element method

We present an overview of research developments related to the nonlinear vibroacoustic modulation technique used for structural damage detection. The method of interest is based on nonlinear interactions of a low-frequency pumping wave and a high-frequency probing wave. These two waves are introduced to monitored structures simultaneously. Then the presence of damage is exhibited by additional frequency components that result from nonlinear damage-wave interactions. A vast amount of research has been performed in this area over the last two decades. We aim to present the state-of-the-art of these developments. The major focus is on monitoring approaches, modeling aspects, actuation/sensing, signal processing, and application examples.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/optical-engineering/volume-55/issue-1/011005/Nonlinear-vibroacoustic-wave-modulations-for-structural-damage-detection--an/10.1117/1.OE.55.1.011005.pdf

Nonlinear vibroacoustic wave modulations for structural damage detection: an overview

Both environmental and genetic factors can dramatically affect reproductive performance in mice. In this study we have focused on the identification of genetic regions, quantitative trait loci (QTL), which affect the breeding capacity of female mice. We have identified polymorphic microsatellite markers for the mouse strains used and performed a genomewide scan on 237 females from a gene-segregating backcross between a high breeder and a relatively poor breeder. The high-breeder mouse strain we used is the inbred NFR/N mouse (MHC haplotype H-2q), which has extraordinary good breeding properties. The moderate breeder chosen for F(1) and N2 progeny was B10.Q, which is a genetically well-characterized MHC-congenic mouse of the H-2q haplotype. Each of the 237 females of the N2 generation was allowed to mate twice with MHC-congenic B10.RIII (H-2r) males and twice with B10.Q males. A predetermined number of phenotypes related to reproductive performance were recorded, and these included litter size, neonatal growth, and pregnancy rate. Loci controlling litter size were detected on chromosomes 1 (Fecq3) and 9 (Fecq4). The neonatal growth phenotype was affected by Fecq3 and a locus on chromosome 9 (Neogq1). On chromosome 11 two loci affecting the pregnancy rate (Pregq1 and Pregq2) were identified. Furthermore, on chromosomes 13 and 17 we found loci (Pregq3 and Pregq4) influencing the outcome of allogeneic pregnancy (allogeneic by means of MHC disparity between mother and fetuses). A locus on chromosome 1 affecting maternal body weight was also identified and has been denoted Bwq7. It is well known that reproductive performance is polygenically controlled, and the identification of the major loci in this complex process opens the possibility of investigating the natural genetic control of reproduction.

https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/173/2/901.full.pdf

Identification of Genetic Regions of Importance for Reproductive Performance in Female Mice

Collagen-induced arthritis in mice is one of the most commonly used autoimmune experimental models, with many similarities to rheumatoid arthritis. Since collagen-induced arthritis is a complex polygenic disease there is a need for identification of several major disease-controlling genes. Because rheumatoid arthritis particularly affects aged women, we have in the present study identified new genetic regions critical for collagen-induced arthritis by studying aged female mice of a cross between NFR/N and B10.Q (H-2q haplotype). The mice in the present study had different reproductive histories, which did not significantly affect the onset, incidence or severity of the disease. A total of 200 female mice were used in a total genome-wide screening with 125 microsatellite markers. We found one new significant quantitative trait locus affecting the arthritis incidence, severity and day of onset on chromosome 11 (denoted Cia40), which colocalizes with a locus controlling pregnancy failure. Furthermore, a quantitative trait locus of suggestive significance associated with the incidence, severity and day of onset was identified on chromosome 1. Finally, a suggestively significant quantitative trait locus associated with collagen type II antibody titers was identified on chromosome 13. This study indicates that several gene loci control arthritis in aged multiparous females, and that at least one of these loci coincides with pregnancy failure.

/pdf/identification-of-collagen-induced-arthritis-loci-in-aged-2js6vjbgbu.pdf

Identification of collagen-induced arthritis loci in aged multiparous female mice

The use of composite superstructures on current or newly built steel hulls is a recently emerged technology. The economic estimations predict that the extra costs for putting composite superstructu ...

https://www.ecphm2012.com/Portals/98/BB/fr2b3.pdf

Ultrasonic monitoring of a fiber reinforced plastic : steel composite beam during fatigue

Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) has been used by Kockums' shipyard in the manufacturing of ships over 35 years, during which time is has been proven to be durable and practical. The light weight makes it a more and more attractive material as energy and material expenditure decreases are required. A special application is the Composite Superstructure Concept [1] where composite materials are added on top of a steel hull, which decreases the weight and running costs considerably, and makes it possible to even add extra levels while keeping the same center of gravity. If efficient condition monitoring systems can keep track of emerging damages of the structure, the weight may be even more reduced and the interval between maintenance inspections may be prolonged. As important steps in this process, a ship mock-up section was subjected to increased levels of explosive underwater impacts, and the damage progression in the hull was monitored by a nonlinear acoustic technique.

/pdf/damage-monitoring-of-ship-frp-during-exposure-to-explosion-ew0baporeq.pdf

Damage monitoring of ship FRP during exposure to explosion impacts

It is estimated that between 30 and 50 percent of the food produced in the world annually will never be consumed by humans. The fact that significant amounts of food are lost or thrown away in the food supply chain is not just an environmental issue; above all it is a huge problem because many people in the world do not have access to food. Lost food and waste appears throughout the whole food supply chain, where primary production is the part of the chain where statistics to a great extent are missing. The Swedish government is now (in 2013) investing 12 million on efforts to reduce unnecessary food waste at all stages in the food supply chain, which includes a mapping of food waste in primary production. 

The aim of this study is to identify what happens with the standard round tomatoes that are grown and harvested in Sweden (i.e. if the tomatoes are sold to wholesale, are consumed in the private household etc.), with the purpose of determining food waste. Furthermore, the study intends to investigate the cause or causes to why the standard round tomatoes are not sold for human consumption or in one or another way reach the human stomach. And from this evaluate whether there are actions that can be taken to reduce any possible loss of standard round tomatoes in primary production. Interviews with 20 tomato producers and three producer organizations resulted in the conclusion that food waste of standard round tomatoes in Sweden are very small in primary production. The causes of the wastage include tomatoes that are damaged, overripe, rotten, cracked or that they have fallen from the plant and reached the ground. However, if the plant and/or the tomatoes are affected by some disease, the wastage can be much larger. The tomatoes that become waste will either be composted or used for biogas production or animal feed.

The cultivation techniques and selling systems that are used are most likely contributing to the small wastage. Resources like energy and water are used in the production and a small wastage means that these are not lost without any use. Although the waste percentage is low it still contributes to a certain amount of lost tomatoes and one way that perhaps can reduce this even more is if these tomatoes could be processed in some way. In that manner more tomatoes can reach the consumer, which is a better utilization of resources.

/pdf/tomatens-ode-en-kartlaggning-av-matsvinn-i-296qp4g4zr.pdf

Tomatens öde - En kartläggning av matsvinn i primärproduktionen

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