In vitro bioactive metabolite production and plant regeneration of medicinal plant Angelica sinensis

Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) have emerged as valuable allies for enhancing plant growth, health, and productivity across diverse environmental conditions. However, the complex molecular mechanisms governing plant–PGPM symbiosis under the climatic hazard of drought, which is critically challenging global food security, remain largely unknown. This comprehensive review explores the involved molecular interactions that underpin plant–PGPM partnerships during drought stress, thereby offering insights into hormonal regulation and epigenetic modulation. This review explores the challenges and prospects associated with optimizing and deploying PGPMs to promote sustainable agriculture in the face of drought stress. In summary, it offers strategic recommendations to propel research efforts and facilitate the practical implementation of PGPMs, thereby enhancing their efficacy in mitigating drought-detrimental effects in agricultural soils.

Epigenetic and Hormonal Modulation in Plant–Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganism Symbiosis for Drought-Resilient Agriculture

Unveiling the genetic and epigenetic landscape of colorectal cancer: new insights into pathogenic pathways

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex neurobehavioral condition influenced by several cellular and molecular mechanisms that are often concerned with synaptogenesis and synaptic activity. Based on the excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalance theory, ASD could be the result of disruption in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission across the brain. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the chief regulator of executive function and can be affected by altered neuronal excitation and inhibition in the course of ASD. The molecular mechanisms involved in E/I imbalance are subject to epigenetic regulation. In ASD, altered enrichment and spreading of histone H3 and H4 modifications such as the activation‐linked H3K4me2/3, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac, and repression‐linked H3K9me2, H3K27me3, and H4K20me2 in the PFC result in dysregulation of molecules mediating synaptic excitation (ARC, EGR1, mGluR2, mGluR3, GluN2A, and GluN2B) and synaptic inhibition (BSN, EphA7, SLC6A1). Histone modifications are a dynamic component of the epigenetic regulatory elements with a pronounced effect on patterns of gene expression with regards to any biological process. The excitation/inhibition imbalance associated with ASD is based on the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity in different regions of the brain, including the PFC, the ultimate outcome of which is highly influenced by transcriptional activity of relevant genes. 

Epigenetic underpinnings of the autistic mind: Histone modifications and prefrontal excitation/inhibition imbalance

Euphorbia fischeriana Steud is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, but its clinical application has been limited due to the scarcity of natural raw materials. Therefore, this study attempted to provide a new method for producing plant materials of E. fischeriana by cell culture. During cell culture, the effects of concentrations of plant growth regulators and sucrose were investigated to improve the culture efficiency. The results showed that the combination of 1.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.2 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid, together with a sucrose concentration of 20 g/L in the medium was appropriate for cell growth and terpenoid accumulation. Furthermore, this study applied an elicitation strategy with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to enhance terpenoid production and investigated the involvement of signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results indicated that terpenoid accumulation depended on the concentration and treatment duration of MeJA. The maximum total terpenoid content was obtained when the cells were treated with 100 μM MeJA for 4 days. The levels of NO and H2O2 in the cells increased after MeJA treatment and peaked at 8 h and 18 h, respectively, suggesting the involvement of NO and H2O2 in MeJA-induced terpenoid synthesis. The findings of this study demonstrated the potential of cell culture as a method for obtaining plant materials of E. fischeriana. 

Cell culture of Euphorbia fischeriana and enhancement of terpenoid accumulation through MeJA elicitation

The field of genetics has expanded a lot in the past few decades due to the accessibility of human genome sequences, but still, the regulation of transcription cannot be explicated exclusively by the sequence of DNA of an individual. The coordination and crosstalk between chromatin factors which are conserved is indispensable for all living creatures. The regulation of gene expression has been dependent on the methylation of DNA, post-translational modifications of histones, effector proteins, chromatin remodeler enzymes that affect the chromatin structure and function, and other cellular activities such as DNA replication, DNA repair, proliferation and growth. The mutation and deletion of these factors can lead to human diseases. Various studies are being performed to identify and understand the gene regulatory mechanisms in the diseased state. The information from these high throughput screening studies is able to aid the treatment developments based on the epigenetics regulatory mechanisms. This book chapter will discourse on various modifications and their mechanisms that take place on histones and DNA that regulate the transcription of genes. 

Mechanisms of DNA methylation and histone modifications.

Role of plant biotechnology in enhancement of alkaloid production from cell culture system of Catharanthus roseus: A medicinal plant with potent anti-tumor properties

Apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) overexpression is intimately linked to the sensitivity of yeast cells towards hydrogen peroxide or acetic acid. Therefore, studying the mechanism of AIF1 regulation in the cell would provide a significant understanding of the factors guiding yeast apoptosis. In this report, we show the time-dependent induction of AIF1 under hydrogen peroxide stress. Additionally, we find that AIF1 expression in response to hydrogen peroxide is mediated by two transcription factors, Yap5 (DNA binding) and Cdc73 (non-DNA binding). Furthermore, substituting the H3K36 residue with another amino acid significantly abrogates AIF1 expression. However, substituting the lysine (K) in H3K4 or H3K79 with alanine (A) does not affect AIF1 expression level under hydrogen peroxide stress. Altogether, reduced AIF1 expression in cdc73Δ is plausibly due to reduced H3K36me3 levels in the cells.

Cdc73 is a major regulator of apoptosis-inducing factor 1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via H3K36 methylation.

AIF1 overexpression is intimately linked to the sensitivity of the yeast cells towards hydrogen peroxide or acetic acid. Therefore, studying the mechanism of its regulation in the cell would provide a significant understanding of the factors ultimately guiding yeast apoptosis. In this report, we establish the time-dependent induction of AIF1 in hydrogen peroxide stress. Additionally, the AIF1 expression in hydrogen peroxide is mediated by two transcription factors, Yap5 (DNA binding) and Cdc73 (non-DNA binding). Furthermore, substituting the H3K36 residue with another significantly abrogates the AIF1 expression. However, substituting H3K4 or H3K79 with A does not affect the AIF1 expression level under hydrogen peroxide stress. Altogether, the significant reduction of AIF1 expression in cdc73Δ cells plausibly reflects the reduced H3K36me3 modification and is independent of the H3K4me3 modification.

Cdc73 majorly regulates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the H3K36 methylation

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Mechanisms of DNA methylation and histone modifications.

Role of plant biotechnology in enhancement of alkaloid production from cell culture system of Catharanthus roseus: A medicinal plant with potent anti-tumor properties

Cdc73 is a major regulator of apoptosis-inducing factor 1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via H3K36 methylation.

Cdc73 majorly regulates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the H3K36 methylation