In recent years, additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has emerged as an environmentally friendly green manufacturing technology which brings great benefits, such as energy saving, less material consumption, and efficient production. These advantages are attributed to the successive material deposition at designated target areas by delivering the energy on it. In this regard, lasers are the most effective energy source in additive manufacturing since the laser beam can transfer a large amount of energy into micro-scale focal region instantaneously to solidify or cure materials in air, therefore enabling high-precision and high-throughput manufacturing for a wide range of materials. In this paper, we introduce laser-based additive manufacturing methods and review the types of lasers widely used in 3D printing machines. Important laser parameters relevant to additive manufacturing will be analyzed and general guidelines for selecting suitable lasers for additive manufacturing will be provided. Discussion on future prospects of laser technologies for additive manufacturing will be finally covered.

Lasers in additive manufacturing: A review

Wire sawing technology has been widely adopted for slicing of brittle-and-hard materials including crystalline silicon, SiC and sapphire. This paper presents a literature review on the research efforts on wire sawing related topics. First, the system and process level investigations of wire sawing technology, including both multi-wire slurry sawing and diamond wire sawing, are summarized. Ingot materials used in wire sawing technology, as well as their properties and behavior during sawing operation are discussed. As modeling and analysis of single grit indentation and scribing of brittle materials provide fundamental insight on material removal and these can be leveraged for wire sawing analysis at system level, a review of those models and modified models proposed particularly for wire sawing process are also presented. After the survey of current state-of-the-art, this contribution proposes important research aspects to be further worked on to gain more complete scientific understanding of wire sawing technology.

Wire sawing technology: A state-of-the-art review

Ceramics have garnered huge engineering applications in various manufacturing industries. This is due to their excellent mechanical properties at high temperature, good oxidation stability and high hardness. However, their inherent brittleness properties have led to difficulty in giving proper shape through machining (achieving dimensional accuracy and precision) which limit their applications. In the present study, an elaborate literature review on both non-conventional and hybrid machining/cutting techniques has been carried out for a better understanding of machinability and surface integrity of ceramic materials. Few comparative studies and recent innovative developments for efficient cutting of ceramics have also been discussed.

A review on cutting of industrial ceramic materials

Slurry waste is a byproduct generated from the slicing process of multi-crystalline silicon ingots. This waste can be used as a secondary resource to recover high purity silicon which has a great economic value. From management perspective, the ever increasing generation of kerf slurry waste loss leads to significant challenges to the photovoltaic industry due to the current low use of slurry waste for silicon recovery. Slurry waste, in most cases, contains silicon, silicon carbide, metal fragments and mineral-oil-based or glycol-based slurry vehicle. As a result of the global scarcity of high purity silicon supply, the high purity silicon content in slurry has increasingly attracted interest for research. This paper presents a critical overview of the current techniques employed for high purity silicon recovery from kerf slurry waste. Hydrometallurgy is continuously a matter of study and research. However, in this review paper several new techniques about the process of high purity silicon recovery from slurry waste are introduced. The purpose of the information presented is to improve the development of a clean and effective recovery process of high purity silicon from slurry waste.

Hidden values in kerf slurry waste recovery of high purity silicon

The backflow through valve due to the delayed closure, is quite difficult to predict as the effective flow area of valve is highly dependent upon the interaction between the fluid flow and the valve's motion. To solve this issue, this paper presents the simulation of the complete compression cycle of a refrigerator compressor by a three-dimensional fluid structure interaction (FSI) model. This proposed FSI model was validated by experiments, which showed that the FSI method was able to detailedly analyze the thermodynamic process during the compression cycle. Based on the FSI model, the effects of compressor rotation speed and valve parameters on the oscillation and delayed closure of the valve were investigated. The characteristic rotation speed for a reed valve was found and defined, at which the maximal delayed closure and backflow occurred. According to the simulation results, an empirical correlation to predict the characteristic rotation speed was obtained.

Investigation on the delayed closure of the suction valve in the refrigerator compressor by FSI modeling

The suction valve of a linear compressor is a reed valve and the discharge valve is a circular plate valve The reed valve moves in three dimensions while the discharge valve translates in one dimension Thus, the reed valve needs a FSI model but the discharge valve can use a rigid body model In this study, both the FSI model and the rigid body model were applied to the suction valve to find out if they are appropriate for the cycle analysis of the linear compressor The effects of the valve dynamics on the cooling capacity, the compression power, and EER were investigated for each valve model The results show that both models are in good agreement with the experiments although the FSI model is more appropriate for the prediction of the valve lift or closing time However, the computation time of the FSI model is approximately 10 times greater than that of the rigid body model Therefore, if the structural analysis of the valve is not necessary, the rigid body model can be effectively used to predict the cycle performance such as EER or compression work

A study on cycle performance variation of a linear compressor considering valve behavior

Slurry containing SiC powder and oil is used to cut ingots with a wire in a solar cell wafering process. The slurry, which is generally recycled due to its high price, produces a residue known as sludge during the recycling process. The sludge is mainly composed of SiC, Si, and oil. This study proposed a method to remove Si and oil from sludge to obtain a high-purity SiC powder of approximately 98.5% in an economically feasible manner. Additionally, this study utilized the recycled SiC powder to develop a porous SiC ceramic heat sink with thermal conductivity of about 10W/mK and showed that the heat sink can be used as an efficient apparatus to release heat of electronics.

/pdf/study-on-manufacturing-of-recycled-sic-powder-from-solar-22889qftal.pdf

Study on manufacturing of recycled SiC powder from solar wafering sludge and its application

Drying process, corresponding to a final process in the area of food engineering, requires a lot of heat energy. Thus, the energy efficiency is very important for dryers. Since the energy efficiency of heat pump dryers is much higher compared to that of electric dryers or other types of dryers, most of large-capacity dryers are adopting heat pump. In this study, shapes, positions and number of air-circulating fans, guide vanes, air inlet, outlet and top separator were varied for optimization of the flow of a large-capacity heat pump dryer. In addition, fans were modelled with performance curves and porous media were assumed for foods and heat exchangers. The simulation results were applied to the 12-ton dryer and the velocity distributions were experimentally examined. Finally, uniform drying in time was successfully accomplished through frozen pepper experiment.

Optimal Flow Design of High-Efficiency, Cold-Flow, and Large-size Heat Pump Dryer

During an early stage of drying frozen peppers, an electric heater is often used for elevating the temperature of a drying chamber to a certain temperature due to liquid back of the compressor or frosting at the evaporator. Therefore, it is necessary to devise an energy-efficient method to replace or less use electric heaters since they have very low energy efficiency. Also, to shorten drying time, it is essential to rapidly elevate the chamber temperature. In this study, a set of performance tests using hot bypass gas, air dampers, external evaporators, and radiators has been tried to lower the operating temperature of the heat pump dryer as well as to decrease the temperature-elevating time. According to the test results, hot bypass gas is beneficial in increasing the energy efficiency by lowering the initial operating temperature of the heat pump to 3C. Furthermore, air dampers, external evaporators, and radiators can greatly improve the rate of temperature elevation. When compared with the temperature elevation rate of the standard dryer, 4.1C/h, an external evaporator can improve elevation rate by 78%, air dampers by 93%, and radiators by 45%.

http://ade.sagepub.com/content/6/745918.full.pdf

Study on Energy Efficiency Improvement of a Heat Pump Dryer during the Early Stage of Drying Frozen Hot Peppers

The discharge valve of a linear compressor commonly uses a circular plate valve and research on such valves is lacking. Thus, in this study, the rigid body model and the FSI model, widely used for the reed valve, were used to examine the behavior of the discharge valve. Also, a comparison with experimental results was conducted to determine the characteristics of each valve model. According to the results, only the valve lift of the FSI model was in agreement with the experimental result. Moreover, the 3D rigid body valve model could not predict the additional displacement fluctuations of the valve that cause backflow during the expansion process of the compressor whereas the 3D FSI valve model was able to predict the additional displacement fluctuations. Therefore, the FSI model was found to be advantageous in calculating the cooling capacity or EER of the linear compressor with the circular plate discharge valve.

Linear compressor discharge valve behavior using a rigid body valve model and a FSI valve model

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