Early in the summer of 1990, representatives of ninety-three nations met in London and agreed to amend significantly the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol).1 The resulting agreement, commonly known as the London Amendments, was the product of several international meetings,2 and came amidst rising concern over continued thinning of upper atmospheric ozone as a result of the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and other chemical compounds. While imperfect, the agreement represents a heartening step forward in the world community's effort to protect our biosphere from the dangers of increased solar ultraviolet radiation.

/pdf/montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer-k8hibj6ek5.pdf

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

▪ Abstract Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing IPM systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Several challenges surface when attempting to manage incursive thrips species. Foremost among these is early recognition, followed by rapid and accurate identification of emergent pest species, elucidation of the region of origin, development of a management program, and the closing of conduits for global movement of thrips. In this review, we examine factors facilitating invasion by thrips, damage caused by these insects, pre- and post-invasion management tactics, and challenges looming on the horizon posed by invasive Thysanoptera, which continually challenge the development of sustainable management practices.

Invasion biology of thrips.

Sensory shelf-life estimation: A review of current methodological approaches

Molecular and physiological insights into the potential efficacy of CO2-augmented postharvest cold treatments for false codling moth

Predicting keeping quality of strawberries (cv. `Elsanta') packed under modified atmospheres: an integrated model approach

Shelf-life of stored asparagus is strongly related to postharvest respiratory activity

New Zealand Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) adults were exposed to combinations of temperature (O, 7, 13, or 2O°C), gas (air, or 0, 9, or 18% carbon dioxide [CO2] in 2% oxygen [O2], with the balance nitrogen [N2]), and exposure time (2, 4, 6, or 8 d). Mortality varied directly with temperature, gas, and time. Two-way interactions between temperature and gas, temperature and time, and gas and time were significant. The mortality of T. obscuratus held in the 0%-CO2 atmosphere did not differ significantly from the mortality of those held in air at O, 7, or 13°C. At 20°C, T. obscuratus mortality was greater in the 0%-CO2 atmosphere than in air. Mortality was at a minimum in both of these gases at 13°C. Multiple linear-regression analysis of the data excluding the air controls revealed significant three-way interactions between temperature, CO2 concentration, and time; this method was used to generate three-dimensional mortality response surfaces that predict a range of controlled-atmosphere treatments insecticidally effective against T. obscuratus. With CO2 concentrations ≤ 9%, T. obscuratus mortality tended to decrease as temperature increased from 0°C to≍ 13°C and then increase as the temperature approached 20°C. The mortality response was the reverse of this in atmospheres > 9% CO2; in these atmospheres, mortality reached a maximum between 13 and 17°C. Regardless of temperature, complete kill of T. obscuratus would be predicted to occur after 6 d of exposure to the 18%-CO2 atmosphere. We discuss how mortality-response surfaces can be used to help develop integrated controlled-atmosphere programs that are both effective against the pest and sensitive to the physiological tolerance of the produce.

Controlled Atmospheres for the Postharvest Disinfestation of Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Response of adult New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to high carbon dioxide and low oxygen atmospheres at various temperatures

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Shelf-life of stored asparagus is strongly related to postharvest respiratory activity

Controlled Atmospheres for the Postharvest Disinfestation of Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Response of adult New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to high carbon dioxide and low oxygen atmospheres at various temperatures