The paper proposes a new concept of protection philosophy for Dutch distribution grids with high penetration of renewable energy. Conventional protection concepts are normally based on protection schemes that consist of definite or inverse time overcurrent relays. In future power systems, these schemes can lead to high fault clearing times, unselective tripping and massive DG disconnections, which are not acceptable in a deregulated multi-owner energy market. This research work proposes an efficient intelligent communication-based protection algorithm that implements different multi-functional protection principles supported by blocking schemes. The real-time organization of both the hardware architecture and communication infrastructure of the protection algorithm is illustrated in detail. Special emphasis is given to the network reconfiguration scenario cases and detailed simulation results of such illustrative studied cases are provided. The new protection strategy guarantees protection selectivity and provides DG-unit availability during and after the fault. The intelligent algorithm is applied on existing Dutch distribution network and meaningful conclusions are derived.

An Intelligent Algorithm for the Protection of Smart Power Systems

This paper aims to present a methodology for performance evaluation of power transformers differential protection using the software ATP. In order to do so, the MODELS language is used to model a numerical relay that implements phase, negative sequence and restricted earth fault differential protective functions. The performance evaluation of the power transformer protection was done using a power system model whose parameters were obtained from real data. The results reveal the performance of the implemented protective functions facing to a wide variety of operating situations to which they may be subjected to. Accordingly, one can point out advantages of this kind of modeling, which leads to the appropriate choice and better understanding of power transformers differential protection settings.

Evaluation of Power Transformer Differential Protection Using the ATP Software

Power transformer is the most expensive equipment in electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring and fast protection response. Differential relay is usually used in power transformer protection scheme. This protection compares the difference of currents between transformer primary and secondary sides, with which a tripping signal to the circuit breaker is asserted. However, when power transformers are energized, the magnetizing inrush current is present and due to its high magnitude, the relay mal-operates. To prevent mal-operation, methods revolving around the fact that the relay should be able to discriminate between the magnetizing inrush current and the fault current must be studied. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based differential relay that is designed to enable the differential relay to correct its mal-operation during energization by training the ANN and testing it with harmonic current as the restraining element. The MATLAB software is used to implement and evaluate the proposed differential relay. It is shown that the ANN based differential relay is indeed an adaptive relay when it is appropriately trained using the Network Fitting Tool. The improved differential relay models also include a reset part which enables automatic reset of the relays. Using the techniques of 2nd harmonic restraint and ANN to design a differential relay thus illustrates that the latter can successfully differentiate between magnetizing inrush and internal fault currents. With the new adaptive ANN-based differential relay, there is no mal-operation of the relay during energization. The ANN based differential relay shows better performance in terms of its ability to differentiate fault against energization current. Amazingly, the response time, when there is an internal fault, is 1 ms compared to 4.5 ms of the conventional 2nd harmonic restraint based relay.

https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/download/20263/12864

Adaptive ANN based differential protective relay for reliable power transformer protection operation during energisation

This paper proposes a detail theory about the working principle of a current differential relay design for a 1000-kV transmission line. Normally the Voltage level of transmission lines is up to 500 kV or higher. If any kind of internal fault occurs on such type of transmission line will cause the major damage to the transmission quality of the line. So protection schemes for such cases must activate as rapidly as possible to minimise the damage to entire system. The differential protection is one of the main protections of the transmission line which trip instantaneously under fault condition. The simulation results of MATLAB show that the designed relay can be used as a main protection scheme for the 1000-kV transmission line.

Design of a differential relay for 1000-kV transmission line using MATLAB

Digital protection schemes have been around for decades. Although there are many relay schemes reported in the literature, the protection engineer may gain more insight on how schemes work properly if well known cases are previously simulated with the EMTP to evaluate relay algorithms. Here, a very simple case study is presented in which the EMTP is used to evaluate the off-line performance of distance protection schemes applied to the three-terminal line of a 230 kV three-bus power network. The digital relays were modeled considering the logic of different distance schemes and relay-to-relay communication. The EMTP is a powerful tool to pinpoint limitations on the applicability of these distance protection schemes and may help engineers to develop new protection schemes. Keywords— Power system protection, three-terminal transmission lines, distance schemes, EMTP.

/pdf/emtp-applied-to-evaluate-three-terminal-line-distance-4btjkah2fe.pdf

EMTP Applied to Evaluate Three-Terminal Line Distance Protection Schemes

Modeling relays for power system protection studies

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Modeling relays for power system protection studies