ObjectiveOlfactory dysfunction is a common problem that is most frequently attributed to upper respiratory infection. Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) can be prolonged and clinically challeng...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0194599820943550

Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

A key concern of both the patient and physician is whether treatment is available that will eliminate or quell a given chemosensory disturbance. In cases where obvious oral, nasal, or intracranial pathology is involved, rational straightforward approaches to treatment are often available. In cases where damage to the sensory pathways is secondary to chronic inflammatory disease, trauma, viral invasion, toxic exposure, or unknown causes, the direction for therapy is more challenging. Indeed, many chemosensory disorders, if present for any period of time, cannot be reversed, while others spontaneously remit without any therapeutic intervention. This review assesses the strengths and weaknesses of more than two dozen approaches to treatment that have been suggested for a wide range of taste and smell disorders.

Treatments for smell and taste disorders: A critical review.

The sense of smell is interrelated with psychosocial functioning. Olfactory disorders often decrease quality of life but treatment options for people with olfactory loss are limited. Additionally, olfactory loss accompanies and precedes psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Regular, systematic exposure to a set of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been offered for rehabilitation of the sense of smell in clinical practice. As signals from the olfactory bulb are directly projected to the limbic system it has been also debated whether OT might benefit psychological functioning, i.e., mitigate cognitive deterioration or improve emotional processing. In this review we synthesize key findings on OT utility in the clinical practice and highlight the molecular, cellular, and neuroanatomical changes accompanying olfactory recovery in people with smell loss as well as in experimental animal models. We discuss how OT and its modifications have been used in interventions aiming to support cognitive functions and improve well-being. We delineate main methodological challenges in research on OT and suggest areas requiring further scientific attention.

Olfactory training – Thirteen years of research reviewed

In an effort to make olfactory training (OT) simpler, we designed an ‘olfactory training ball’ (OTB)—a baseball-size ball with four odor-containing tubes to use in OT. The study aimed to investigate the effects of OT with the OTB in comparison to classical OT with special attention to the effects of adherence to OT on olfactory outcome measures. Sixty patients with olfactory dysfunction following infections of the upper respiratory tract received OT either with classical methods—sniffing odors from jars (COT)—or the OTB for 12 weeks. Patients exposed themselves to the odors for 5 min twice daily. Adherence was measured with a modified version of the Morisky scale. Before and after OT, all patients underwent extensive olfactory testing using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. At the end of the 12 weeks of OT, TDI composite score (22.1 ± 2.8 vs. 19.9 ± 4.7, P = 0.044) and odor discrimination subtest scores (9.1 ± 1.8 vs.7.6 ± 2.5, P = 0.013) of the OTB group were significantly higher than that of the COT group. Adequate adherence to OT was significantly higher in patients receiving OTB when compared to those receiving COT (63% vs. 30%, P = 0.019). The present study shows that a novel OT device, the OTB, provides better adherence to the training process compared to COT. Moreover, findings of the current study show that better adherence to the OT process is associated with better olfactory outcomes.

Olfactory training ball improves adherence and olfactory outcomes in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction

COVID-19 and rhinology, from the consultation room to the operating theatre.

Objective Although the effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) had already been documented, the optimal regimen for such training remains unexplored. We examined whether the complexity of OT, namely alteration of odor quantity and quality, increases its effectiveness. Design One-hundred eight patients (Mage = 60.1 ± 1) with postinfectious (n = 57) or idiopathic (n = 51) olfactory dysfunction underwent OT preceded and followed by examination of olfactory function. Methods Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: 1) simple training comprising four basic, single-molecule substances; 2) complex training involving four odor mixtures; and 3) odor-altering training in which patients changed sets of mixtures every 2 months. Results The analysis of variance revealed that the benefit seen in this sample was not affected by the complexity of OT with regard to odor mixtures or alteration of odor type. The highest increase of the Sniffin' Sticks (Burghardt GmbH; Wedel, Germany) threshold, discrimination, and identification (and overall TDI) score was observed in postinfectious patients. Conclusion We conclude that the outcomes of OT are not strongly influenced by the training regimen. However, further investigation of OT regimens is required, particularly with regard to training duration. Level of evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1518-1522, 2018.

Examination of olfactory training effectiveness in relation to its complexity and the cause of olfactory loss.

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Examination of olfactory training effectiveness in relation to its complexity and the cause of olfactory loss.