The paper describes the process of induction of equations for the description of vegetation-induced roughness from several angles. Firstly, it describes two approaches for obtaining theoretically well-founded analytical expressions for vegetation resistance. The first of the two is based on simplified assumptions for the vertical flow profile through and over vegetation, whereas the second is based on an analytical solution to the momentum balance for flow through and over vegetation. In addition to analytical expressions the paper also outlines a numerical 1-DV k–e turbulence model which includes several important features related to the influence plants exhibit on the flow. Last but not least, the paper presents a novel way of applying genetic programming to the results of the 1-DV model, in order to obtain an expression for roughness based on synthetic data. The resulting expressions are evaluated and compared with an independent data set of flume experiments

On inducing equations for vegetation resistance

Freshwater shore zones are among the most ecologically valuable parts of the planet, but have been heavily damaged by human activities. Because the management and rehabilitation of freshwater shore zones could be improved by better use of ecological knowledge, we summarize here what is known about their ecological functioning. Shore zones are complexes of habitats that support high biodiversity, which is enhanced by high physical complexity and connectivity. Shore zones dissipate large amounts of physical energy, can receive and process extraordinarily high inputs of autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter, and are sites of intensive nutrient cycling. Interactions between organic matter inputs (including wood), physical energy, and the biota are especially important. In general, the ecological character of shore zone ecosystems is set by inputs of physical energy, geologic (or anthropogenic) structure, the hydrologic regime, nutrient inputs, the biota, and climate. Humans have affected freshwater shore zones by laterally compressing and stabilizing the shore zone, changing hydrologic regimes, shortening and simplifying shorelines, hardening shorelines, tidying shore zones, increasing inputs of physical energy that impinge on shore zones, pollution, recreational activities, resource extraction, introducing alien species, changing climate, and intensive development in the shore zone. Systems to guide management and restoration by quantifying ecological services provided by shore zones and balancing multiple (and sometimes conflicting) values are relatively recent and imperfect. We close by identifying leading challenges for shore zone ecology and management.

/pdf/ecology-of-freshwater-shore-zones-3gqmh6fy05.pdf

Ecology of freshwater shore zones

The study of river-riparian vegetation interactions is an important and intriguing research field in geophysics. Vegetation is an active element of the ecological dynamics of a floodplain which interacts with the fluvial processes and affects the flow field, sediment transport, and the morphology of the river. In turn, the river provides water, sediments, nutrients, and seeds to the nearby riparian vegetation, depending on the hydrological, hydraulic, and geomorphological characteristic of the stream. In the past, the study of this complex theme was approached in two different ways. On the one hand, the subject was faced from a mainly qualitative point of view by ecologists and biogeographers. Riparian vegetation dynamics and its spatial patterns have been described and demonstrated in detail, and the key role of several fluvial processes has been shown, but no mathematical models have been proposed. On the other hand, the quantitative approach to fluvial processes, which is typical of engineers, has led to the development of several morphodynamic models. However, the biological aspect has usually been neglected, and vegetation has only been considered as a static element. In recent years, different scientific communities (ranging from ecologists to biogeographers and from geomorphologists to hydrologists and fluvial engineers) have begun to collaborate and have proposed both semiquantitative and quantitative models of river-vegetation interconnections. These models demonstrate the importance of linking fluvial morphodynamics and riparian vegetation dynamics to understand the key processes that regulate a riparian environment in order to foresee the impact of anthropogenic actions and to carefully manage and rehabilitate riparian areas. In the first part of this work, we review the main interactions between rivers and riparian vegetation, and their possible modeling. In the second part, we discuss the semiquantitative and quantitative models which have been proposed to date, considering both multi- and single-thread rivers.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/rog.20014

Modeling the interactions between river morphodynamics and riparian vegetation

The significance of riparian vegetation on river flow and material transport is not in dispute. Conveyance laws, sediment erosion and deposition, and element cycling must all be adjusted from their canonical rough-wall boundary layer to accommodate the presence of aquatic plants. In turn, the growth and colonization of riparian vegetation are affected by fluvial processes and river morphology on longer time scales. These interactions and feedbacks at multiple time scales are now drawing significant attention within the research community given their relevance to river restoration. For this reason, a review summarizing methods, general laws, qualitative cognition, and quantitative models regarding the interplay between aquatic plants, flow dynamics, and sediment transport in vegetated rivers is in order. Shortcomings, pitfalls, knowledge gaps, and daunting challenges to the current state of knowledge are also covered. As a multidisciplinary research topic, a future research agenda and opportunities pertinent to river management and enhancement of ecosystem services are also highlighted.

Flow dynamics and sediment transport in vegetated rivers: A review

Floodplain roughness parameterization using airborne laser scanning and spectral remote sensing

Numerical simulations of the effects of vegetation on flow and morphology are helpful to understand the behaviour of natural rivers and to predict the developments of rehabilitated rivers. However, some fundamental problems remain in modelling these interactions. This paper describes the application of two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical models to natural and rehabilitated river systems, i.e. the Rhine (the Netherlands), Allier (France) and Volga (Russia). The results show that vegetation has a pronounced effect on flow patterns and morphological developments in rivers. This can be subdivided in remote effects and local effects. Further analysis of the model results shows a fundamental shortcoming in the mathematical modelling of the effects of vegetation on the local sediment transport capacity. Traditional approaches to modelling vegetation roughness yield erroneous results in combination with common sediment transport equations. Therefore, research focuses on the development of new model approaches to accurately simulate the influence of vegetation on flow and morphology.

Modelling the effects of vegetation on flow and morphology in rivers

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Modelling the effects of vegetation on flow and morphology in rivers