Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee.

This paper provides an overview of the occurrence, etiology and temporal trends of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Disparities between developed and developing countries are highlighted for maternal mortality, infant mortality, stillbirth and low birth weight. The higher rate of low birth weight in developing countries is primarily due to intrauterine growth restriction rather than preterm birth. Much of the excess intrauterine growth restriction is caused by short maternal stature, low prepregnancy body mass index and low gestational weight gain (due to low energy intake). No important contribution has been established for micronutrient intake, nor have different fetal growth trajectories been demonstrated to reflect the timing of exposure to nutritional or other etiologic factors. Infant mortality has declined substantially over time both in developed and developing countries despite no decline (and even an increase) in low birth weight. Several developed countries have reported a temporal increase in fetal growth in infants born at term, a reduction in stillbirth rates and prevention of neural tube defects. More progress is required, however, in understanding the etiology and prevention of preterm birth.

The Epidemiology of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: An Overview

Most eukaryotic chromosomes, akin to messy toolboxes, store jumbles of genes with diverse biological uses. The linkage of a gene to a particular chromosome therefore rarely hints strongly at that gene's function. One striking exception to this pattern of gene distribution is the human Y chromosome. Far from being random and diverse, known human Y-chromosome genes show just a few distinct expression profiles. Their relative functional conformity reflects evolutionary factors inherent to sex-specific chromosomes.

/pdf/the-human-y-chromosome-in-the-light-of-evolution-4uft1vfj0q.pdf

The human Y chromosome, in the light of evolution.

Publisher Summary
This chapter presents a synthesis of recent advances made in bioarchaeology, an emerging discipline that emphasizes the human biological component of the archaeological record. The chapter presents an examination of the impact of economy and behavior on skeletal and dental tissues. Skeletal and dental tissues are remarkably sensitive to the environment. Such factors as diet, disease, population size and mobility, physical exercise, and work leave indelible marks on these tissues. The chapter describes the means by which skeletal remains have been and can be used for understanding processes that underlie human behavior. It also explores the impact of different lifeways on the skeleton with reference to nonpathological and pathological changes in articular joints, bone form and function, and the nature of skeletal and dental changes in light of the use of the jaws and teeth in both masticatory and non-masticatory roles.

6 – Bioarchaeological Interpretations of Subsistence Economy and Behavior from Human Skeletal Remains

Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo : Variation in modern human dental development

The prevalence of malocclusion is considered in three social classes categorized on the basis of income, in a North Indian population.

Epidemiological survey of occlusion in North India.

Part 3: The epidemiological transition and anthropology of minor chronic non‐infectious diseases

Village-dwelling Punjabi youths show significantly better dental occlusion and less chronic respiratory allergy than their city-dwelling counterparts. Field diagnosis finds posterior crossbite the only occlusal condition correlated with mouth breathing in the samples studied.

Mouth Breathing, Occlusion, and Modernization in a North Indian Population

Data on deciduous tooth emergence of 312 children aged 4 to 31 months of Punjabi parentage are presented. Probit analysis was used to derive the median age of tooth emergence. Female children are found to be advanced with respect to tooth emergence than their male counterparts. While comparing the present data with those from other populations it is found that, in general, the mean number of emerged teeth in Punjabi children is more at most ages, with lower median age of eruption for most teeth. Magnitude of interage variability in the eruption times is noticed to be maximum in the 16-17 and 20-21 months age groups. The findings of the study suggest that number of teeth can be used as a parameter for the estimation of age.

Emergence of deciduous teeth in Punjabi children, north India.

Mouth breathing, occlusion, and modernization in a north Indian population. An epidemiologic study.

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