Although the recently wide propagated trend mainly known as digital twin is an essential step for optimal design and reliable functioning of large generators in the future, but no serious strategy and comprehensive study have been yet proposed. There is not even a standard description of this concept. This paper discusses the necessity and challenges of digital twin models of large renewable energy generators and introduces a comprehensive modeling strategy for developing a multi-domain live simulation platform of large generators for wind and hydro power plants.

Challenges of developing a digital twin model of renewable energy generators

In power electronics, magnetic components are fundamental, and, unfortunately, represent one of the greatest challenges for designers because they are some of the components that lead the opposition to miniaturization and the main source of losses (both electrical and thermal). The use of ferromagnetic materials as substitutes for ferrite, in the core of magnetic components, has been proposed as a solution to this problem, and with them, a new perspective and methodology in the calculation of power losses open the way to new design proposals and challenges to overcome. Achieving a core losses model that combines all the parameters (electric, magnetic, thermal) needed in power electronic applications is a challenge. The main objective of this work is to position the reader in state-of-the-art for core losses models. This last provides, in one source, tools and techniques to develop magnetic solutions towards miniaturization applications. Details about new proposals, materials used, design steps, software tools, and miniaturization examples are provided.

/pdf/power-losses-models-for-magnetic-cores-a-review-1ht1fvyy.pdf

Power Losses Models for Magnetic Cores: A Review

In this paper, a new 3-D flux transverse flux flux switching permanent magnet machine (3-DFTFFSPMM) is proposed. The cost of this machine is very low since both the soft magnetic composite (SMC) cores and ferrite magnets are very cheap, and the performance of this machine is good due to the special designed topology. For the qualitative analysis and initial design, the simplified power equation is developed to find the optimal design, and the 3-D finite-element method is applied for the quantitative analysis. Considering it is very difficult to obtain a special ferrite magnet in the current market, the 3-DFTFFSPMM for prototyping in the workshop is improved with a new design. For the prototyping, the SMC cores are made by using the manual die compacting technology. Last, the efficiency map of these two machines is obtained to judge the operational performance.

Development of a New Low-Cost 3-D Flux Transverse Flux FSPMM With Soft Magnetic Composite Cores and Ferrite Magnets

Design of a transverse flux machine (TFM) with high power factor and high torque density is presented. Detailed analysis and verification of the benefit of TFMs over conventional radial flux machines, in terms of torque production capability, is described. A comprehensive investigation of the ideal torque production capability, power factor, and deviation from ideal cases is explained. Factors contributing to performance degradation are identified and a robust method is proposed to design and improve the machine performance. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the innovation and the robustness of the design process.

Power Factor Improvement of a Transverse Flux Machine With High Torque Density

Transverse flux permanent magnet (TFPM) machines are a potential candidate for direct-drive wind power application due to high torque and power densities. The operating principle of TFPM machines is firstly described with various topologies available in literature, with the placement of magnets as a criterion for the classification of TFPM machine topologies. This review includes characteristics, power factor improvement, cogging torque minimization, material consideration, modelling techniques, and scalability. Different wind turbine concepts with direct-drive machines, control techniques and power converter topologies are also considered in this paper.

/pdf/a-review-on-transverse-flux-permanent-magnet-machines-for-263c0mse0p.pdf

A Review on Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Wind Power Applications

This paper presents the design and optimization process of a permanent magnetic excited transverse flux machine, which shall be used as a shoulder joint motor in an articulated six axis robot arm in service robotics. Starting from given application specific requirements, a parametrized model of the machine is presented. For transverse flux machines, the typically high number of design parameters leads to a large parameter space. A full factorial analysis simulating every possible parameter variation would lead to simulation times in the order of years. Therefore, a suitable classification of the parameters is proposed, which is used for an iterative optimization algorithm performing several parametric sweeps in a three dimensional finite element simulation. Results from the sensitivity analysis and the final optimization results are discussed.

Design of a permanent magnetic excited transverse flux machine for robotic applications

This paper presents requirements on a articulated robot arm in service robotics and the derivation of requirements on a single joint of this arm. A modular concept with joint modules, each one realizing one axis of the robot arm connected by intermediate elements is proposed. Furthermore, the integration of a permanent magnet excited transverse flux machine as joint drive in this application is discussed. Transverse flux machines typically offer a high torque density at low speed. As torque demand increases from wrist to shoulder joint and speed demand decreases at the same time, this paper concentrates on the design of a shoulder joint module, where the integration of a transverse flux machine seems to be most promising. A design of a transverse flux machine as drive of an exemplary shoulder joint is proposed and results from a three dimensional finite element simulation are presented.

Design of a transverse flux machine as joint drive for an articulated six-axis robot arm

In order to increase torque and power density, novel electrical machines with a 3D magnetic flux path are used. One of them is the transverse flux machine, which offers high torque at low speed and therefore is predestined for use as near-wheel drive in an electrical vehicle or as a joint drive for a robot arm. In contrast to typical machines, such as a synchronous machine, the magnetic flux has a component transverse to the radial plane. Additionally, the materials are highly saturated to achieve the high power density. The aim, beside high power and torque density, is to reach high efficiency. This is especially necessary for mobile applications with batteries, such as an electrical vehicle or a mobile robot. Hence, the losses have to be calculated during the machine optimization process in finite element analysis. Beside, the copper losses the iron losses have to be considered. For these reasons this paper presents a method to calculate iron losses in electrical machines with 3D flux path. Alternating and rotational magnetic fields are considered, as well as the influence of saturation. The computation method of iron losses is performed exemplary on a transverse flux machine. The results are compared with the measurements of the transverse flux machine on the test bench.

Loss Calculation for Electrical Machines Based on Finite Element Analysis Considering 3D Magnetic Flux

Electrically excited synchronous machines do not require expensive and temperature-dependent permanent magnets. Therefore they offer more safety, because there is no induced voltage when the excitation current has been turned off. For these reasons, electrically excited synchronous machines are getting interesting for different applications like electrical vehicles. For reaching higher torque and power density, an operation with high flux density is necessary. Hence, the behavior of the electrical machine is nonlinear. Through the possibility of varying the rotor excitation there is an additional degree of freedom for the determination of the operating point. For reaching high efficiencies at high speed, besides the copper losses, the iron losses have to be taken into account.Hence, this paper presents a method for calculating the iron losses based on nonlinear flux linkage maps. Based on this model, an efficiency optimized control strategy is introduced. The method is verified through measurements on the test bench and compared with the maximum torque per ampere control. The measurements show that the losses in partial-load operation can be significantly decreased, up to 20 %.

Applying a Measurement-Based Iron Loss Model to an Efficiency Optimized Torque Control of an Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine

In order to increase torque and power density novel electrical machines often have 3D magnetic flux in soft magnetic materials. Therefore, an isotropic permeability is required. Soft Magnetic Composites offer this attribute and are predestinated for this application. To achieve higher power density less iron losses are useful. Hence, this paper presents different ways to calculate iron losses in soft magnetic composites. Starting with classical Steinmetz Equation, several further extensions are presented. These methods may be used for calculating iron losses during the optimization process to achieve higher efficiency. Calculating iron losses in electrical machines is time consuming. Furthermore, the iron losses cannot be separated from other losses. Thus, a ring core is used as a simplified problem to get meaningful results. Calculated losses using finite element analyses are compared with measurements from a test bench. The different methods are compared for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal magnetic field strength concerning accuracy and required time.

Comparison of iron loss calculation methods for soft magnetic composite

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