As organizations grapple with the escalating threat landscape in the digital age, the imperative for continuous improvement in information security has become paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive review of lessons learned from superannuation cybersecurity uplift programs, shedding light on the strategies, challenges, and successes encountered in the pursuit of enhanced information security. The study delves into the unique context of superannuation, where the safeguarding of sensitive financial and personal data is of utmost importance. By examining the evolution of cybersecurity uplift programs within this sector, the research identifies key factors that contribute to the success or failure of continuous improvement initiatives. These factors encompass technological advancements, regulatory compliance, organizational culture, and the dynamic nature of cyber threats. Through an analysis of real-world case studies and best practices, this paper synthesizes actionable insights for information security professionals seeking to fortify their defense mechanisms. The findings underscore the importance of adaptive strategies that evolve alongside emerging threats, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that integrates people, processes, and technology. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of collaborative efforts within the industry, emphasizing the sharing of threat intelligence and collaborative learning as essential components of a resilient cybersecurity ecosystem. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations to guide organizations in the ongoing journey of continuous improvement, offering a roadmap for fortifying information security defenses in the face of evolving cyber risks.

Continuous improvement in information security: A review of lessons from superannuation cybersecurity uplift programs

There is a growing interest in using social robots in public spaces for indoor and outdoor applications. The threat landscape is an important research area being investigated and debated by various stakeholders. Objectives: This study aims to identify and synthesize empirical research on the complete threat landscape of social robots in public spaces. Specifically, this paper identifies the potential threat actors, their motives for attacks, vulnerabilities, attack vectors, potential impacts of attacks, possible attack scenarios, and mitigations to these threats. Methods: This systematic literature review follows the guidelines by Kitchenham and Charters. The search was conducted in five digital databases, and 1469 studies were retrieved. This study analyzed 21 studies that satisfied the selection criteria. Results: Main findings reveal four threat categories: cybersecurity, social, physical, and public space. Conclusion: This study completely grasped the complexity of the transdisciplinary problem of social robot security and privacy while accommodating the diversity of stakeholders’ perspectives. Findings give researchers and other stakeholders a comprehensive view by highlighting current developments and new research directions in this field. This study also proposed a taxonomy for threat actors and the threat landscape of social robots in public spaces.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/12/181/pdf?version=1670578868

A Systematic Review on Social Robots in Public Spaces: Threat Landscape and Attack Surface

This paper surveys security threats to 5G-enabled wireless access networks for social robots in public spaces (SRPS). The use of social robots (SR) in public areas requires specific Quality of Service (QoS) planning to meet its unique requirements. Its 5G threat landscape entails more than cybersecurity threats that most previous studies focus on. This study examines the 5G wireless RAN for SRPS from three perspectives: SR and wireless access points, the ad hoc network link between SR and user devices, and threats to SR and users’ communication equipment. The paper analyses the security threats to confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorisation, and privacy from the SRPS security objectives perspective. We begin with an overview of SRPS use cases and access network requirements, followed by 5G security standards, requirements, and the need for a more representative threat landscape for SRPS. The findings confirm that the RAN of SRPS is most vulnerable to physical, side-channel, intrusion, injection, manipulation, and natural and malicious threats. The paper presents existing mitigation to the identified attacks and recommends including physical level security (PLS) and post-quantum cryptography in the early design of SRPS. The insights from this survey will provide valuable risk assessment and management input to researchers, industrial practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders of SRPS. 

/pdf/security-threats-to-5g-networks-for-social-robots-in-public-3xjel7f7.pdf

Security Threats to 5G Networks for Social Robots in Public Spaces: A Survey

Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been inextricably intertwined since their inception. Today, AI-Robotics systems have become an integral part of our daily lives, from robotic vacuum cleaners to semi-autonomous cars. These systems are built upon three fundamental architectural elements: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">perception, navigation and planning , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">control . However, while the integration of AI in Robotics systems has enhanced the quality of our lives, it has also presented a serious problem - these systems are vulnerable to security attacks. The physical components, algorithms, and data that makeup AI-Robotics systems can be exploited by malicious actors, potentially leading to dire consequences. Motivated by the need to address the security concerns in AI-Robotics systems, this paper presents a comprehensive survey and taxonomy across three dimensions: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">attack surfaces, ethical and legal concerns , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) security . Our goal is to provide readers, developers and other stakeholders with a holistic understanding of these areas to enhance the overall AI-Robotics system security. We begin by identifying potential attack surfaces and provide mitigating defensive strategies. We then delve into ethical issues, such as dependency and psychological impact, as well as the legal concerns regarding accountability for these systems. Besides, emerging trends such as HRI are discussed, considering privacy, integrity, safety, trustworthiness, and explainability concerns. Finally, we present our vision for future research directions in this dynamic and promising field.

Security Considerations in AI-Robotics: A Survey of Current Methods, Challenges, and Opportunities

The use of social robots in public spaces is becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to provide personalized services to users. However, the convergence of different technologies and software applications has raised concerns regarding security requirements, standards, and regulations. Specifically, there are significant concerns about the evolving threat landscape for software applications in public settings, where social robots interact without supervision and are in direct contact with threat actors. During the development of social robots software, developers and practitioners need practical tools to continuously assess their products’ security profiles. This paper presents a preventive approach to the dynamic evolving security landscape of Social Robots in Public Spaces (SRPS) using design science research (DSR) methodology to develop a security framework. The study investigates security threats, vulnerabilities, and risks associated with SRPS software development and analyzes existing related frameworks to design a security framework for SRPS software developers. The research aims to provide insights into the security aspects of SRPS software application development processes and contribute to developing effective security frameworks to mitigate evolving risks and ensure secure operation and acceptance in public spaces.

/pdf/towards-a-user-centred-security-framework-for-social-robots-3fauhwqc.pdf

Towards a User-centred Security Framework for Social Robots in Public Spaces

As social robots increasingly enter public environments, their acceptance depends not only on technical reliability but also on ethical integrity, accessibility, and user trust. This paper reports on a pilot deployment of an ARI social robot functioning as a university receptionist, designed in alignment with the SecuRoPS framework for secure and ethical social robot deployment. Thirty-five students and staff interacted with the robot and provided structured feedback on safety, privacy, usability, accessibility, and transparency. The results show generally positive perceptions of physical safety, data protection, and ethical behavior, while also highlighting challenges related to accessibility, inclusiveness, and dynamic interaction. Beyond the empirical findings, the study demonstrates how theoretical frameworks for ethical and secure design can be implemented in real-world contexts through end-user evaluation. It also provides a public GitHub repository containing reusable templates for ARI robot applications to support reproducibility and lower the entry barrier for new researchers. By combining user perspectives with practical technical resources, this work contributes to ongoing discussions in AI and society and supports the development of trustworthy, inclusive, and ethically responsible social robots for public spaces.

From Framework to Reliable Practice: End-User Perspectives on Social Robots in Public Spaces

Architectural views for social robots in public spaces: business, system, and security strategies

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A Systematic Review on Social Robots in Public Spaces: Threat Landscape and Attack Surface

From Framework to Reliable Practice: End-User Perspectives on Social Robots in Public Spaces

Architectural views for social robots in public spaces: business, system, and security strategies