A smart device carries a great amount of sensitive patient data as it offers innovative and enhanced functionalities in the smart healthcare system. Moreover, the components of healthcare systems are interconnected via the Internet, bringing significant changes to the delivery of healthcare services to individuals. However, easy access to healthcare services and applications has given rise to severe risks and vulnerabilities that hamper the performance of a smart healthcare system. Moreover, a large number of heterogeneous devices accumulate data that vary in terms of size and formats, making it challenging to manage the data in the healthcare repository and secure it from attackers who seek to profit from the data. Thus, smart healthcare systems are susceptible to numerous security threats and risks, such as hardware and software-based attacks, system-level attacks, and network attacks that have the potential to place patients’ lives at risk. An analysis of the literature revealed a research gap in that most security surveys on the healthcare ecosystem examined only the security challenges and did not explore the possibility of integrating modern technologies to alleviate security issues in the smart healthcare system. Therefore, in this article, we conduct a comprehensive review of the various most recent security challenges and their countermeasures in the smart healthcare environment. In addition, an artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain-based secure architecture is proposed as a case study to analyse malware and network attacks on wearable devices. The proposed architecture is evaluated using various performance metrics such as blockchain scalability, accuracy, and dynamic malware analysis. Lastly, we highlight different open issues and research challenges facing smart healthcare systems.

/pdf/security-of-blockchain-and-ai-empowered-smart-healthcare-3vq5hj7d.pdf

Security of Blockchain and AI-Empowered Smart Healthcare: Application-Based Analysis

Precision farming has a positive potential in the agricultural industry regarding water conservation, increased productivity, better development of rural areas, and increased income. Blockchain technology is a better alternative for storing and sharing farm data as it is reliable, transparent, immutable, and decentralized. Remote monitoring of an agricultural field requires security systems to ensure that any sensitive information is exchanged only among authenticated entities in the network. To this end, we design an efficient blockchain-enabled authenticated key agreement scheme for mobile vehicles-assisted precision agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) networks called <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The limited existing work on authentication in agricultural networks shows passive usage of blockchains with very high costs. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula> proposes a novel idea using the elliptic curve operations on an active hybrid blockchain over mobile farming vehicles with low computation and communication costs. Formal and informal security analysis along with the formal security verification using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) software tool have shown the robustness of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula> against man-in-the-middle, impersonation, replay, physical capture, and ephemeral secret leakage attacks among other potential attacks. The blockchain-based simulation on large-scale nodes shows the computational time for an increase in the network and block sizes. Moreover, the real-time testbed experiments have been performed to show the practical usefulness of the proposed scheme.

Blockchain-Enabled Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme for Mobile Vehicles-Assisted Precision Agricultural IoT Networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a dynamic infrastructure, leveraging sensing and network communication technology to establish ubiquitous connectivity among people, machines, and objects. Due to its end devices’ limited computing resources and storage space, it is not feasible to merely transpose traditional internet security technologies directly to IoT endpoints. Maintaining security while concurrently ensuring performance is a particularly challenging endeavor. This paper provides a review of key agreements and authentication protocols pivotal to the security of IoT. First, this survey discusses the applications that need authentication and key agreement to strengthen their security and current research on these application fields. Subsequently, this paper engages in an in-depth exploration of the phase involved in the scheme of authentication and key agreement, including an examination of the cryptographic techniques employed within these processes. This survey also thoroughly studies the scheme’s security services, potential attacks, formal analysis and informal analysis to ensure resilience against such threats. This study aims to provide a profound understanding of the recent research on authentication and key agreement in IoT applications. It strives to contribute towards strengthening security systems for IoT applications, ensuring their sustainability in the face of evolving threats.

A Survey on Key Agreement and Authentication Protocol for Internet of Things Application

A robust ECC-based authentication framework for energy internet (EI)-based vehicle to grid communication system

Agriculture plays a vital role in the economic life cycle of an agrarian country and considers the backbone of the economy. It supplies not just raw food materials, but also a vast number of job opportunities. Therefore, modern technology is required in agriculture to increase productivity. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) could be used to monitor climatic parameters in an agriculture field, such as the acidity level of soil, soil moisture, humidity, light, and so on. Climate variables have a significant impact on crop growth, quality, and productivity. These factors contribute to increased agricultural productivity in terms of both quantity and quality. WSN, on the other hand, has security risks such as impersonation, alteration, interference, and interception all of which have negative effects on crop production and other agricultural activities. The primary issues for agricultural WSN are hence privacy preservation and security enhancement. In this paper, we proposed a privacy-preserving and efficient key agreement framework for smart agriculture monitoring systems by using elliptic curve cryptography and hash function. The proposed framework is secure against various security assaults and provides secure communication in smart agriculture monitoring systems. We demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed protocol for mutual authentication and key exchange using BAN logic, and we also simulate the security correctness of the encrypted proposed framework using the well-known security verification Scyther tool. Using the ROR model, we formalize the security of the proposed system. Further, we provide a comparison based on security features, computation, and communication overheads comparison between the proposed protocol and similar protocols in the same context. Hence, when compared to other similar protocols in the same environment, the proposed protocol provides superior security and efficiency than other existing protocols. For the practical implementation of smart agriculture monitoring systems, the proposed protocol is better than comparable protocols. 

/pdf/a-secure-and-privacy-preserving-lightweight-authentication-le3rbm4s.pdf

A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Lightweight Authentication and Key Exchange Algorithm for Smart Agriculture Monitoring System

In the traditional medical healthcare system, each medical facility is responsible for preserving its own records. Sharing such records with another medical establishment is difficult for them. To tackle this challenge, the traditional medical system leverages internet technology to transform into a modern electronic system. In electronic healthcare systems, managing the security and privacy of patient data becomes a major issue. As an alternative, the healthcare sector might use blockchain technology to exchange digitised healthcare data. Blockchain technology is characterised by anonymity, decentralisation, and immutability. It is hard to keep all electronic healthcare data on blockchain due to the expense and volume. Cloud computing is the best solution for storing this type of data and resolving problems like these. To address these concerns, we offer a blockchain-based key agreement protocol for cloud medical network systems that enhances privacy and security. We demonstrate a formal and informal security analysis of the proposed protocol that shows that the proposed protocol is both secure and communicative. We provide security verification of the proposed protocol by using the AVISPA software tool against man in the middle attack and replay attack. Finally, we compute the computation and communication costs of the proposed protocol and other existing protocols, the proposed protocol has less computation and communication costs than other existing protocols in the electronic healthcare system.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09802776.pdf

CKMIB: Construction of Key Agreement Protocol for Cloud Medical Infrastructure Using Blockchain

Ensuring secure connectivity in smart vehicular to grid technology: An elliptic curve-based authentication key agreement framework

Healthcare data security with an advanced ECC and blockchain-based authentication framework

A secure and energy-efficient authentication framework for the internet of electric things

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