Age specific reproduction parameters of cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and silverleaf whitefly (B. Argentifolii) on cotton and rapeseed

Ecology of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn., has been studied extensively in the recent past and a varying response was observed on different host plants. The degree of this variation is because of type of host plant combination. The present investigation was conducted to find out the comparative age specific survival, mortality and life table parameters in presence of four major fruit bearing vegetables that is brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), chili (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), under laboratory conditions (26±3°C, RH: 75±5% and photophase: 14 h). The maximum survival and minimum mortality was observed on brinjal, while chili has been documented with reciprocity. Among the host plants, on which whitefly was reared, brinjal has shown superiority, documenting least mortality and shorter development of immature stages of whitefly. Least generation time (23.67±0.97 days) was observed on brinjal and maximum time was consumed on chili (33.57±1.10 days). Similarly, the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was recorded on brinjal followed by tomato and the smallest rm was observed on chili. A significant difference in net reproductive rate (Ro) was perceptible, being highest on tomato (89.50±2.13 females/female). However; corresponding potential fecundity and maximum mean egg laying was received on brinjal. Fastest doubling time was also recorded on brinjal (8.41±0.02 days) followed by tomato (10.87±0.03 days) while maximum doubling time was witnessed on chili (14.01±0.05 days). The highest annual rate of increase (ARI), 1.27±0.02x1010 of individuals per year was found on brinjal and lowest on chili. The host preference of whitefly on the basis of present investigations, can be arranged in the following order brinjal>tomato>okra>chili.

	Key words: Bemisia tabaci, life table, fruit bearing vegetables, life parameters, female fertility

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Comparative biological parameters of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on fruit bearing vegetable crop plants

The investigations on the biology of the whitefly on musk melon and cucumber in laboratory conditions (30.8�2.13 0C) revealed that the egg to adult longevity was higher (27.96�2.60♀ and 23.63�1.33♂) days on cucumber than musk melon (29.56�2.59♀ and 25.06�1.12♂) days. However, the fly laid more eggs on musk melon (88.00�7.96).The result of biology under temperature regimes 10, 15,20,25,30 and 35 0C showed that the highest fecundity and development was recorded at 30 0C and adult lived longer at 10 0C whereas at 350C no hatching of the eggs was recorded. Under field conditions, lesser fecundity and more hatching was recorded at 23.31�2.790C than 31.57�4.250C. Investigations on starvation capacity of 1st instar crawlers indicated that 100% mortality was recorded with in 4.5 hours on dry blotting paper and no mortality was observed on wet blotting paper plus melon leaves.However, the LT 50s differences between moistened blotting paper and green leaf treatments were not significant at 95% confidence limits.Studies on distribution of immature stages on melon leaf showed that the proximal leaf sectors had significantly (P<0.01) more egg-density whereas distal sectors had more nymphal density.The investigations on effect of melon leaf maturity on nymphal mortality revealed that the fly laid more eggs on 3rd node leaf and maximum nymphal survival percentages (97.65% of 1st plus 2nd instars) and (94.69% of 3rd plus 4th instars) were recorded on 4th node leaf, respectively.Maximum adult emergence (95.03%) was recorded on 4th leaf node.The highest mortality rates (0.102) in eggs, (0.088) in 1st plus 2nd instar nymphs on 3rd node leaf and (0.088) in 3rd plus 4th instar nymphs were recorded on 4th node leaf, respectively. The k-values 0.042, 0.064 and 0.908 were recorded for nymphs of 3rd, 4th and 5th node leaves, respectively.The 3-year life table studies indicated that more than 20% mortality occurred in egg and 1st instar nymphs and less than 20% was recorded in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar nymphs, respectively. Similarly, maximum mean mortality percent (48.30�5.36) in all life stages was brought by the activities of predators followed by EMDFM (13.02�2.26), temperature (12.15�7.91), HFDH (8.30�1.60), parasitism (6.14�1.26), NTDH (3.89�1.20), fungal attack (1.10�0.50), abnormal adults (0.69�0.36) and wind plus rain (0.66�0.62), respectively. Seasonal abundance of parasitoids at Dadu , Tandojam and Thatta revealed that Aphelinid parasitoids, two species of genus Encarsia and three species of Eretmocerus were found parasitizing the nymphs of the whitefly at all agro-zones with parasitoid: whitefly ratios (1.7.93), (1:8.25) and (1:18.33) in spring and in summer as (1:8.26), (1:9.71) and (1:24.41) at Dadu, Thatta and Tandojam, respectively. Studies on sampling and distribution of the whitefly adults revealed that cylindrical shaped yellow sticky trap captured significantly (P<0.01) maximum (22.87 � 2.69) flies followed by flat and round shape; cylindrical trap at 6 � above the ground level caught maximum (14.37 � 2.02) flies.The highest population (6.56 � 1.34) per leaf of B. tabaci was recorded on the 2nd-node leaves.More activity (6.56 � 1.34 flies per leaf) was recorded at 8.00 a.m. than (4.03 � 0.83) at 12.00 noon. Studies on preferential distribution on cucurbit and non-cucurbit crops indicated that the population of B. tabaci was significantly (P<0.01) more on cucurbit crops than on the non-cucurbit crops except brinjal.The whitefly population was positively correlated (r=0.66) with the pH of the crops.The results on seasonal population variation of B. tabaci in different agro-zones of Sindh during 2000-2001revealed that musk melon, cucumber and Indian squash retained the highest population of the fly at Thatta in spring and summer followed by Badin, Dadu, Sakrand and Tandojam. Studies further showed that mixed and continuous cropping system favored the activities of the whitefly.It is concluded that musk melon and cucumber equally favored the development of B. tabaci.Temperature at 30 oC enhanced rate of development, starved 1st instar crawler lived for 5 hours on dry blotting paper, more eggs were laid on proximal leaf sector and maximum nymphs were found on distal sector, maximum k-value was recorded on 5th node leaves, maximum mortality (dx) was recorded in egg and 1st inster nymph and the most effective mortality factors (dxf) were predation followed by EMDFM and temperature, higher ratio of parasitoids: whitefly were observed at Dadu and Thatta in spring, cylindrical shaped trap mounted at 6" above ground level gave more catches and the highest adult population of B.tabaci was recorded on the 2nd- node leaves at 8.00 a.m., cucurbit crops and brinjal were preferred hosts and the seasonal population due to mixed and continuous cropping was recorded more in spring and summer seasons than autumn in Thatta followed by Badin, Dadu, Tandojam and Sakrand.

Population Ecology Of The Whitefly, Bemisia Tabaci Gennadius (homoptera Aleyrodidae)

Understanding the population-level processes of any pest insect is central to predicting temporal and spatial changes in abundance and occurrence, as well as in developing effective pest management strategies, whether on single crops on individual farms or multiple crops within agricultural landscapes. Four components drive population dynamics in the time-space continuum: birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and emigration rates. This deceptively simple fact becomes immensely complex, however, when one considers all the interacting biotic and abiotic factors that influence each of these key population rates. The challenge becomes even greater for a broadly polyphagous and non-diapausing pest like Bemisia tabaci that can thrive and reproduce on multiple host plants over the entire year in areas it inhabits (Mound and Halsey 1978; Watson et al. 1992; Naranjo et al. 2004).

Population Dynamics, Demography, Dispersal and Spread of Bemisia tabaci

Comparative study on the life table parameters of local populations of cotton whitefly bemisia tabaci in iran

A comparative study on the biological parameters of 11 local populations of bemisia tabaci (genn.) in iran

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Comparative study on the life table parameters of local populations of cotton whitefly bemisia tabaci in iran

A comparative study on the biological parameters of 11 local populations of bemisia tabaci (genn.) in iran