Simple thiol derivatives, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play key roles in biological processes, and the fluorescent probes to detect such thiols in vivo selectively with high sensitivity and fast response times are critical for understanding their numerous functions However, the similar structures and reactivities of these thiols pose considerable challenges to the development of such probes This review focuses on various strategies for the design of fluorescent probes for the selective detection of biothiols We classify the fluorescent probes for discrimination among biothiols according to reaction types between the probes and thiols such as cyclization with aldehydes, conjugate addition–cyclization with acrylates, native chemical ligation, and aromatic substitution-rearrangement

Design strategies of fluorescent probes for selective detection among biothiols

Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for anionic species

Organosilicon compounds as fluorescent chemosensors for fluoride anion recognition

Hydrazine is a widely used industrial material, and yet it is also a highly toxic and possibly carcinogenic substance which is likely to induce physiological dysfunction. Here, we report a ratiometric fluorescent probe (NA-N 2 H 4 ) for hydrazine detection based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. As a naphthalimide derivative with an acetate group at the 4th position of its naphthalic ring, this probe can realize both colorimetric and ratiometric detection for hydrazine. The probe NA-N 2 H 4 exhibits a very low mean detection limit of 9.40 ± 0.12 nM, which is well below the safety level (10 ppb, or 312 nM) as regulated by EPA. The probe's selectivity and anti-interference performance is found desirable, and the probe works well in quantitative detection toward hydrazine in real samples (drinking water and river water), as well as in the qualitative detection of gaseous hydrazine. Moreover, it can be employed to image hydrazine in living cells and in vivo (zebrafish).

An ICT-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for hydrazine detection and its application in living cells and in vivo

Recent advances in chromo-fluorogenic probes for fluoride detection

Three fluorescent probes ( 1 – 3 ) for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide have been synthesized and characterized. Probe 1 is a coumarin derivative functionalized with an azide moiety whereas 2 contain the azide reactive group into a naphthalene fluorophore backbone. Probe 3 is composed also by a naphthalene fluorophore but, in this case, functionalized with a sulfonylazide reactive moiety. Probes 1 and 3 are non-fluorescent whereas 2 is weakly emissive in HEPES (10 mM, pH 7.4)–DMSO 99:1 (v/v). The emission behavior of the three probes was tested against selected anions, bio-thiols and oxidant molecules. Of all the chemical species tested, only HS − is able to induce an enhancement in the emission intensity (50, 11 and 20-fold for 1 , 2 and 3 , respectively). The observed emission in the presence of hydrogen sulfide is ascribed, in the case of probes 1 and 2 , to an azide–amine reduction induced by HS − anion, whereas for probe 3 the sensing mechanism is related with a sulfonylazide–sulfonamide conversion. The three probes are very sensitive to HS − anion with limits of detection of 0.17, 0.20 and 0.40 mM for 1 , 2 and 3 respectively. Cell viability studies demonstrated that 1 – 3 probes are essentially non-toxic at concentrations 10–50 μM and are well suited for in vivo studies. Finally, probe 1 was used for the detection on intracellular HS − anion in HeLa cells by means of confocal microscopy.

/pdf/azide-and-sulfonylazide-functionalized-fluorophores-for-the-8yyeb5ra1b.pdf

Azide and sulfonylazide functionalized fluorophores for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide

The development of chromofluorogenic sensors for anions is a well-established and studied field in the supramolecular chemistry realm.1 This is due to the important roles of anions in biological processes, deleterious effects (such as environmental pollutants), and as toxic compounds and carcinogenic species.2

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/open.201300010

An Instantaneous and Highly Selective Chromofluorogenic Chemodosimeter for Fluoride Anion Detection in Pure Water

Chromo-fluorogenic detection of GSH versus cysteine in water was accomplished using a pyrylium-stilbene derivative and CTAB micelles.

/pdf/a-surfactant-assisted-probe-for-the-chromo-fluorogenic-4380l4lxbh.pdf

A surfactant-assisted probe for the chromo-fluorogenic selective recognition of GSH in water.

Background: Chronic limb threatening lower limb ischaemia (CLTI) gives high limb loss and mortality. Infragenicular Femoro-popliteal bypass offers in-line flow to target vessels. When vein not available, composite and prosthetic grafts are used. Aim of the work: Comparing composite vs synthetic femoro-popliteal bypass conduits in treatment of CLTI. Patients and methods: 20 adult patients were included in this prospective study from July 2020 to July 2021 having CLTI requiring below knee femoro-popliteal bypass, no suitable vein conduit. Ten had composite grafts bypass (group A) and 10 patients had synthetic graft (group B), and followed for 6 months. Results: Improved clinical manifestations in both groups and significant increase of ankle brachial index. 6 months 1ry and 2ry patency were 90% and 100% in group A, and 67% and 78% in group B. Limb salvage were 100% in group A and 89% in group B. No significant difference between groups’ outcome, complications, and ABI. Conclusion: Both types of conduit showed acceptable feasibility and outcome.

Composite Grafts as an Alternative Conduit to Prosthetic Grafts in Below Knee Femoro-popliteal Bypass in Patients of Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia

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Azide and sulfonylazide functionalized fluorophores for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide

An Instantaneous and Highly Selective Chromofluorogenic Chemodosimeter for Fluoride Anion Detection in Pure Water

A surfactant-assisted probe for the chromo-fluorogenic selective recognition of GSH in water.

Composite Grafts as an Alternative Conduit to Prosthetic Grafts in Below Knee Femoro-popliteal Bypass in Patients of Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia