We review the present state of understanding of the Barkhausen effect in soft ferromagnetic materials. Barkhausen noise (BN) is generated by the discontinuous motion of magnetic domains as they interact with impurities and defects. BN is one of the many examples of crackling noise, arising in a variety of contexts with remarkably similar features, and occurring when a system responds in a jerky manner to a smooth external forcing. Among all crackling system, we focus on BN, where a complete and consistent picture emerges thanks to an exactly solvable model of avalanche dynamics, known as the ABBM model, which ultimately describes the system in terms of a Langevin equation for the velocity of the avalanche front. Despite its simplicity, the ABBM model is able to accurately reproduce the phenomenology observed in the experiments on a large class of magnetic materials, as long as universal properties are involved. To complete the picture and to understand the long-standing discrepancy between the ABBM theory and the experiments, which otherwise agree exceptionally well, consisting of the puzzling asymmetric shape of the noise pulses, microscopic details must be taken into account, namely the effects of eddy current retardation. These effects can be incorporated in the model, and result, to a first-order approximation, in a negative effective mass associated with the wall. The progress made in understanding BN is potentially relevant for other crackling systems: on the one hand, the ABBM model turns out to be a paradigmatic model for the universal behaviour of avalanche dynamics; on the other hand, the microscopic explanation of the asymmetry in the noise pulses suggests that inertial effects may also be at the origin of pulses asymmetry observed in other crackling systems.

Exactly solvable model of avalanches dynamics for Barkhausen crackling noise

A review of fatigue damage detection and measurement techniques

We review the present state of understanding of the Barkhausen effect in soft ferromagnetic materials. Barkhausen noise (BN) is generated by the discontinuous motion of magnetic domains as they interact with impurities and defects. BN is one of the many examples of crackling noise, arising in a variety of contexts with remarkably similar features, and occurring when a system responds in a jerky manner to a smooth external forcing. Among all crackling system, we focus on BN, where a complete and consistent picture emerges thanks to an exactly solvable model of avalanche dynamics, known as the ABBM model, which ultimately describes the system in terms of a Langevin equation for the velocity of the avalanche front. Despite its simplicity, the ABBM model is able to accurately reproduce the phenomenology observed in the experiments on a large class of magnetic materials, as long as universal properties are involved. To complete the picture and to understand the long-standing discrepancy between the ABBM theory...

Non-linear ultrasonic technique to assess fatigue damage in structural steel

The use of nonlinear ultrasonics to characterize microstructural evolution is investigated with the aim of enabling earlier remaining useful life prediction and thereby greatly improving condition based maintenance. Higher harmonic generation is sensitive to microstructural features, whose evolution is indicative of ongoing damage processes. Localized plastic deformation is controlled in an aluminum sample by varying the notch length, which dictates the extent of the plastic zone. The essentials of higher harmonic generation analysis for ultrasonic guided waves are highlighted to provide a means to select a primary mode that generates a strong higher harmonic. Experimental methods to use magnetostrictive transducers for third harmonic generation measurements are described. Experimental results on aluminum plates indicate that plastic deformation increases the third harmonic by up to a factor of five and that the harmonic amplitude ratio $$A_{3}$$
 /
 $$A_{1}^{3}$$
 is sensitive to the plastic strain magnitude. These initial results show that when the plastic strain is localized, the $$A_{3}$$
 /
 $$A_{1}^{3 }$$
 ratio appears to be proportional to the plastic zone-to-propagation distance ratio.

Effect of Localized Microstructure Evolution on Higher Harmonic Generation of Guided Waves

Magnetic Barkhausen emission to evaluate fatigue damage in a low carbon structural steel

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Magnetic Barkhausen emission to evaluate fatigue damage in a low carbon structural steel