Allergic rhinitis affects 60 million of the U.S. population, 1.4 billion of the global population, and its prevalence appears to be increasing. The duration and severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms place a substantial burden on patient's quality of life, sleep, work productivity, and activity. The health impact of allergic rhinitis is compounded by associated complications and comorbidities including asthma, otitis media, sinusitis, and nasal polyps. Allergic rhinitis symptoms result from a complex, allergen-driven mucosal inflammatory process, modulated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), and caused by interplay between resident and infiltrating inflammatory cells and a number of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines. This allergic response may be characterized as three phases: IgE sensitization, allergen challenge, and elicitation of symptoms. A thorough allergic history is the best tool for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, the establishment of which is achieved by correlating the patient's history and physical exam with an assessment for the presence of specific IgE antibodies to relevant aeroallergens determined by skin testing or by in vitro assay. Management of allergic rhinitis includes modifying environmental exposures, implementing pharmacotherapy, and, in select cases, administering allergen-specific immunotherapy. Intranasal therapeutic options include antihistamines, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids (aqueous or aerosol), mast cell stabilizers, saline, and brief courses of decongestants. Selection of pharmacotherapy is based on the severity and chronicity of symptoms with the most effective medications being intranasal corticosteroids and intranasal antihistamines, which can be used in combination (separately or in fixed dose) for more difficult to control allergic rhinitis.

On allergic rhinitis

Introduction Natural environments and green spaces provide ecosystem services that enhance human health and well-being. They improve mental health, mitigate allergies and reduce all-cause, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The presence, accessibility, proximity and greenness of green spaces determine the magnitude of their positive health effects, but the role of biodiversity (including species and ecosystem diversity) within green spaces remains underexplored. This review describes mechanisms and evidence of effects of biodiversity in nature and green spaces on human health. Sources of data We identified studies listed in PubMed and Web of Science using combinations of keywords including 'biodiversity', 'diversity', 'species richness', 'human health', 'mental health' and 'well-being' with no restrictions on the year of publication. Papers were considered for detailed evaluation if they were written in English and reported data on levels of biodiversity and health outcomes. Areas of agreement There is evidence for positive associations between species diversity and well-being (psychological and physical) and between ecosystem diversity and immune system regulation. Areas of concern There is a very limited number of studies that relate measured biodiversity to human health. There is more evidence for self-reported psychological well-being than for well-defined clinical outcomes. High species diversity has been associated with both reduced and increased vector-borne disease risk. Growing points Biodiversity supports ecosystem services mitigating heat, noise and air pollution, which all mediate the positive health effects of green spaces, but direct and long-term health outcomes of species diversity have been insufficiently studied so far. Areas timely for research Additional research and newly developed methods are needed to quantify short- and long-term health effects of exposure to perceived and objectively measured species diversity, including health effects of nature-based solutions and exposure to microbiota.

Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces.

What individual and neighbourhood-level factors increase the risk of heat-related mortality? A case-crossover study of over 185,000 deaths in London using high-resolution climate datasets.

Hot air drying of lotus pollen at temperatures ranging from 40 to 70 °C was investigated experimentally. Results indicated that the whole drying process occurred in the falling rate period. Color a...

Effect of drying air temperature on drying kinetics, color, carotenoid content, antioxidant capacity and oxidation of fat for lotus pollen

Tree Cover Mapping Based on Sentinel-2 Images Demonstrate High Thematic Accuracy in Europe

Mapping allergenic pollen vegetation in UK to study environmental exposure and human health

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Thecophora atra (a conopid fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Conopidae). The genome sequence is 354.2 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 5 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.3 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 30,620 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of a conopid fly, Thecophora atra (Fabricius, 1775)

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Machimus atricapillus (the Kite-tailed Robberfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Asilidae). The genome sequence is 268.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into six chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.3 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 10,978 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Kite-tailed Robberfly, Machimus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814)

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Mapping allergenic pollen vegetation in UK to study environmental exposure and human health

The genome sequence of a conopid fly, Thecophora atra (Fabricius, 1775)

The genome sequence of the Kite-tailed Robberfly, Machimus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814)