Electronic reproduction. ; Ann Arbor, MI ; Available via World Wide Web. ; Description based on print version record. ; Original ; 9781780644011 ; 1780644019 ; 1 ;

Crop Improvement, Adoption and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ac2ed915d3cfd000916/working_paper_6_web.pdf

Measuring risk attitudes among Mozambican farmers

The development of crops that by harvest have accumulated higher amounts of a particular micronutrient than standard crops is known as biofortification. Biofortified staple crops such as provitamin A‐biofortified sweet potato (‘orange sweet potato’), zinc‐biofortified rice (‘zinc rice’) and iron‐biofortified beans (‘iron beans’), developed by selective breeding, have been introduced into developing countries with the goal of reducing micronutrient deficiencies. In these settings, micronutrient deficiencies caused by low dietary intakes and exacerbated by inflammation and infection result in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this review is twofold: (1) to describe the impact of biofortified crops on micronutrient intake, nutritional status and other biological endpoints in developing countries and (2) to consider the relevance of these nutritional effects in other parts of the world such as Europe. Regular consumption of biofortified crops in developing countries where micronutrient deficiency is common has been shown to increase micronutrient intakes and thus help meet the World Health Organization's dietary recommendations. In terms of micronutrient status, most research has been conducted using provitamin A‐biofortified crops (particularly orange sweet potato), with large 2‐ to 3‐year studies indicating increases in plasma retinol, though additional studies measuring change in body stores would provide more definitive evidence. There is some evidence to suggest that iron‐biofortified crops can increase iron status (measured by serum ferritin and total body iron), but further studies are required to demonstrate the efficacy of zinc‐biofortified foods. Intakes of some micronutrients are low in some UK population subgroups (in particular adolescents and young adult women), with sizeable proportions having intakes below the lower reference nutrient intake. There is also evidence of low status for some nutrients (e.g. iron and in particular vitamin D), although the prevalence of iron deficiency is much less, and therefore the consequences less severe, than seen in the developing world. The final part of the paper describes strategies used to improve micronutrient intake in Europe, such as fortification of bread flour post‐harvest and supplementation with vitamin D and folic acid, and discusses whether there is a role for biofortified crops in the UK.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nbu.12347

Biofortified crops for tackling micronutrient deficiencies – what impact are these having in developing countries and could they be of relevance within Europe?

Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively cost-effective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients. The biofortification strategy seeks to put the micronutrient-dense trait in those varieties that already have preferred agronomic and consumption traits, such as high yield and disease resistance. Marketed surpluses of these crops may make their way into retail outlets, reaching consumers first in rural and then urban areas. Progress to date in breeding and delivering biofortified crops is discussed. The nutrition evidence on bioavailability and efficacy is growing. Completed nutrition studies for each crop are briefly discussed. Human studies have included a variety of technologies, including stable isotope methods, which are among the most powerful to measure bioavailability and efficacy. Efficacy and effectiveness studies are available for orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP); full evidence is not yet available for biofortified maize, cassava, or golden rice, but initial bioavailability and efficacy results are promising. Efficacy trials have been completed for iron crops (beans and pearl millet) and evidence for zinc biofortification is still developing. Food-based approaches to improve nutrition face challenges in providing rigorous evidence that they can deliver nutrition improvements in a cost-effective and timely manner. The experience of delivering OFSP is reviewed and discussed, including the challenges of marketing a visible trait and changing perceptions of OFSP as merely a food security crop. Whether implementing or integrating OFSP programs, strong and effective partnering practices are required; strategies for successful implementation of cross-sectoral nutrition sensitive programming are discussed. Biofortification is yet to be fully scaled-up in a single country, but much evidence and experience has been assembled to support its eventual effectiveness. Policies to support crosssectoral implementation at all levels, as well as increasing the evidence base, will contribute to making biofortification a cost-effective investment in a more nourishing future.

https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/agn/pdf/Biofortification_paper.pdf

Biofortification: Evidence and lessons learned linking agriculture and nutrition

Background:The need for nutrition-sensitive agriculture is well recognized and of growing interest to global development players. Extension and advisory services (EAS), with their established infrastructure, provide a unique opportunity for nutrition interventions to be implemented at scale with significant reach.Objective:To assess current integration of nutrition in EAS, document training provided to EAS agents, and identify challenges and opportunities for the integration of nutrition.Methods:A mixed methodology was used, which included a systematic literature review covering the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Agris, Google Scholar, Econlit, and IBSS. In addition, online surveys and semistructured key informant interviews with stakeholders were performed. Data were collected between December 2012 and June 2013.Results:Based on this study, the most common integration of nutrition into EAS is through efforts to increase the availability of nutritious food. The nutrition training of exte...

/pdf/integration-of-nutrition-into-extension-and-advisory-14akp0yw4g.pdf

Integration of Nutrition Into Extension and Advisory Services: A Synthesis of Experiences, Lessons, and Recommendations.

Reaching and engaging end users (REU): orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) in East and Southern Africa

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Reaching and engaging end users (REU): orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) in East and Southern Africa