OF THESIS FOREST HARVEST EQUIPMENT MOVEMENT AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY TO STREAMS Streamside management zones (SMZs) have become important management techniques to prevent the introduction of sediment to stream networks. This study examined the current Kentucky best management practice (BMP) guidelines for SMZs by outfitting mobile forest harvest equipment with global positioning system (GPS) receivers, enabling modeling of equipment traffic and spatial analysis of stream sediment delivery. Three SMZ configurations were implemented during commercial timber harvest, along with four different techniques of crossing ephemeral channels, in order to determine where and why sediment was introduced to the stream network. Results indicate that increasing the SMZ buffer width leads to decreased sediment delivery, and that requiring an SMZ buffer with some canopy retention on ephemeral channels will lead to improvements in stream water quality. Care should be taken in the placement and construction of water control measures for skid trail retirement, and improved stream channel crossings such as bridges and pipe culverts should be required to improve water quality over unimproved fords. A northeasterly aspect of harvested areas was shown to be related to increased sediment delivery to streams, while surface roughness downslope from the skid trail system was shown to decrease sediment delivery.

Forest harvest equipment movement and sediment delivery to streams

We have developed a robust meteorological tower for deployment in locations with extreme conditions and for applications that require relatively maintenance-free structures. The basic design consists of a triangular base with two horizontal rails on each side, and uprights at the triangle vertices for various instrument configurations. The fabrication materials include 6061-T6 aluminum pipe (schedule 40 or 80), and cast aluminum connectors. The design is self-supporting, but may be guyed. Advantages of the design compared to conventional towers include easy assembly, readily available materials, easy adjustment for rugged location or terrain, transportable components by backpack, helicopter, boat, snowmobile, ATV or alternate method, and no need for concrete. Like all structures, the design is vulnerable to snow creep in deep-snow environs, but judicious site selection will mitigate this issue. We deployed these stations with minor variations in design in Alaska and Colorado, USA and on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The towers have survived relatively severe conditions in terms of cold temperature, wind, rime, and snow deposition. Locations have included subalpine, alpine, and arctic maritime environments. Regular data transmission has been achieved via satellite modem and satellite transmitter. We discuss design and installation.

/pdf/meteorological-tower-design-for-severe-weather-and-remote-3sudwv4v30.pdf

Meteorological tower design for severe weather and remote locations

As practitioners and heli-ski guides in the Chugach Mountains of Valdez, Alaska we ski cut slopes to mitigate the volume of loose snow avalanches (sluff). We determine if results of slope cuts are probable or not through pole probing the structure and hardness of the snowpack. This includes the top 120cms of the snowpack as this is a common length of a ski pole. We are introducing a new vernacular that clearly describes pole probing and its correlation to slope cut results. Our adage includes data codes used to quickly and easily decipher the structure of the snowpack as well as describe varying degrees of loose snow avalanches. Depths of different hardness are also quantifiable. In a right side up snowpack hardness increases as depth increases. A right side up pole probe with an impenetrable hard layer 45cms down is expressed as PPRU45I. The value after the shorthand represents the depth at which the pole probe becomes impenetrable. Furthermore, slopes with upside down pole probes, where changes in hardness become inconsistent, necessitate a snow pit. We include both CT and ECT as the snowpack may demonstrate a failure in compression but not in shear. We have also elaborated on the existing slope cut data codes used in table 2.12 on page 55 of the 'Snow, Weather and Avalanches: Observation Guidelines for Avalanche Programs in the United States' (2009) to include quantifiable amounts of loose snow avalanches. Daily we experience a variety of snow conditions on different aspects and elevations. Creating a dialogue based upon pole probing and slope cutting has improved our efficiency and communication regarding snowpack structure, sluff management and spatial variability.

/pdf/practitioners-view-on-quick-study-of-snowpack-how-to-explain-5ftyl86jtm.pdf

Practitioners view on quick study of snowpack: how to explain the vocabulary for pole probe tests and slope cutting

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Meteorological tower design for severe weather and remote locations

Practitioners view on quick study of snowpack: how to explain the vocabulary for pole probe tests and slope cutting