Resumen en: The aim of this study was a survey of the estimated costs of soil erosion, an issue of fundamental importance in view of the current worldwide discussion...

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1802/Resumenes/Abstract_180218547001_2.pdf

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

Plant Physiology and Development

/pdf/handbook-of-plant-nutrition-1uozdhlhhi.pdf

Handbook of Plant Nutrition

Soil microbial biomass plays important roles in nutrient cycling, plant–pathogen suppression, decomposition of residues and degradation of pollutants; therefore, it is often regarded as a good indicator of soil quality. We reviewed more than a hundred studies in which microbial biomass-C (MB-C), microbial quotient (MB-C/TSOC, total soil organic carbon) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were evaluated with the objective of understanding MB-C responses to various soil-management practices in Brazilian ecosystems. These practices included tillage systems, crop rotations, pastures, organic farming, inputs of industrial residues and urban sewage sludge, applications of agrochemicals and burning. With a meta-analysis of 233 data points, we confirmed the benefits of no-tillage in preserving MB-C and reducing qCO2 in comparison to conventional tillage. A large number of studies described increases in MB-C and MB-C/TSOC due to permanent organic farming, also benefits from crop rotations particularly with several species involved, whereas application of agrochemicals and burning severely disturbed soil microbial communities. The MB-C decreased in overgrazed pastures, but increased in pastures rotated with well-managed crops. Responses of MB-C, MB-C/TSOC and qCO2 to amendment with organic industrial residues varied with residue type, dose applied and soil texture. In conclusion, MB-C and related parameters were, indeed, useful indicators of soil quality in various Brazilian ecosystems. However, direct relationships between MB-C and nutrient-cycling dynamics, microbial diversity and functionality are still unclear. Further studies are needed to develop strategies to maximize beneficial effects of microbial communities on soil fertility and crop productivity.

Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: Lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability

More than one hundred years have passed since the development of the first microbial inoculant for plants. Nowadays, the use of microbial inoculants in agriculture is spread worldwide for different crops and carrying different microorganisms. In the last decades, impressive progress has been achieved in the production, commercialization and use of inoculants. Nowadays, farmers are more receptive to the use of inoculants mainly because high-quality products and multi-purpose elite strains are available at the market, improving yields at low cost in comparison to chemical fertilizers. In the context of a more sustainable agriculture, microbial inoculants also help to mitigate environmental impacts caused by agrochemicals. Challenges rely on the production of microbial inoculants for a broader range of crops, and the expansion of the inoculated area worldwide, in addition to the search for innovative microbial solutions in areas subjected to increasing episodes of environmental stresses. In this review, we explore the world market for inoculants, showing which bacteria are prominent as inoculants in different countries, and we discuss the main research strategies that might contribute to improve the use of microbial inoculants in agriculture.

/pdf/microbial-inoculants-reviewing-the-past-discussing-the-3l7xdj1k9g.pdf

Microbial inoculants: reviewing the past, discussing the present and previewing an outstanding future for the use of beneficial bacteria in agriculture.

Rice is considered by FAO as one of the most important foods to world food security and nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that most often affects the productivity of this crop, with its dynamics in the soil-plant system changed by management used. With the objective of evaluating the yield and quantities of nutrients in the phytomass of cover crops; and to evaluate the influence of the isolated and combined use of cover crops and urea as N sources on the growth, productivity and grain quality of upland rice cultivars irrigated, in the implantation of the no-tillage system, was carried out a study in an Oxisol (Rhodic Haplustox), cerrado (savannah) phase at the Experimental Farm of UNESP/FEIS, in Selviria-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four repetitions, in a 4x2x3 factorial scheme. The treatments were a combination of four cover crops: velvet bean ( Mucuna aterrima ), sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea ), millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) and spontaneous vegetation (fallow in off-season); and two rice cultivars: Primavera and IAC 202; and three N rates: 0, 50 and 100 kg ha -1 as urea. The millet, followed by sunn hemp, produced the highest yield of dry phytomass and accumulation of nutrients. The succession sunn hemp-rice promoted higher grain yield, regardless of the N rate applied, while the cultivar IAC 202 was the most productive than Primavera. The increase of the N rate caused a drop in the number of spikelets seedless per panicle, with positive effects on grain yield. These results contribute with information about the cover plants and more efficient N rates to increase the quality and yield of rice crop.

/pdf/agronomic-performance-of-cover-crops-and-upland-rice-4cb8yuk680.pdf

Agronomic performance of cover crops and upland rice cultivars grown in sucession with different nitrogen rates in no-tillage system

Boron (B) is transported mainly in the xylem, but by using isotopic tracers it was possible to verify that B has significant mobility in the phloem of polyols-producing species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mobility of 10B applied to cashew plants. The experiment was conducted from 05/10 to 07/10/2010 in a greenhouse of University of Sao Paulo State-UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 0.5 mg of B L−1 of soil was used in the substrate. A solution of 255 mg of B L−1 was used in recently mature and fully developed leaves. The total content of B and and percentage of boron in the plant derived from fertilizer (Bppf%) were evaluated in the old and new leaves stemming at 30 and 60 days after the application of 10B. As evidenced, B applied to leaves had restricted mobility in cashew tree. However, B applied in the substrate was absorbed and translocated to young leaves.

Redistribution of 10B Absorbed by Leaves and Roots of Cashew Seedlings

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for growth of forage grasses, especially in conditions of low water availability. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of N fertilization and irrigation on the accumulation of carbon (C) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by marandu grass in the Cerrado Paulista, in the rainy and dry seasons. Experiments were conducted to evaluate N fertilization in each season, with and without irrigation. Five N rates were used (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 per cutting), using urea as N source, totaling 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kg ha-1 in the rainy season and 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 in the dry season. The experiments were arranged in a split-plot randomized block design. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between N and time of fertilization in the irrigated experiment. However, N promoted a quadratic effect in organic matter production (OMP), accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, while there was no influence of the seasons. In the non-irrigated experiment, the interaction between N rates and seasons was significant (p < 0.05) only for the rainy season. Organic matter production and C and CO2 accumulation was greater in the rainy season than in the dry season. Irrigation provided increases of approximately 20% in C and CO2 accumulation. The use of N and irrigation increases the accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, and this increase is higher during the rainy season.

/pdf/carbon-and-carbon-dioxide-accumulation-by-marandu-grass-1ha7x2mnu1.pdf

Carbon and carbon dioxide accumulation by marandu grass under nitrogen fertilization and irrigation

Topdressing application of coated urea in irrigated corn under no-tillage system.

Seed inoculation, nitrogen and molybdenum application on a winter bean crop: production and physiological seed quality

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