The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is arguably the most popular numerical method for the solution of problems in electromagnetics. Although the FDTD method has existed for nearly 30 years, its popularity continues to grow as computing costs continue to decline. Furthermore, extensions and enhancements to the method are continually being published, which further broaden its appeal. Because of the tremendous amount of FDTD-related research activity, tracking the FDTD literature can be a daunting task. We present a selective survey of FDTD publications. This survey presents some of the significant works that made the FDTD method so popular, and tracks its development up to the present-day state-of-the-art in several areas. An "on-line" BibT/sub E/X database, which contains bibliographic information about many FDTD publications, is also presented. >

A selective survey of the finite-difference time-domain literature

To explore lightning-generated electromagnetic wave behavior and lightning-related ionospheric phenomena, a full-wave two-dimensional cylindrical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model was developed to simulate lightning-generated electromagnetic wave propagation in the ionosphere with high altitude and long distance capabilities. This FDTD model removes the approximations made in other similar models to extend its applicability, and incorporates a variety of existing methods and new techniques. A dispersive and anisotropic realization of the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) absorbing boundary condition is adopted in this numerical model for ease of implementation. Earth curvature is included in the model through the modified refractive index method. The surface impedance boundary condition is adopted to treat arbitrary but homogeneous ground parameters. We quantify the errors through dispersion relations, and the solution convergence is analyzed. Comparisons between our simulation, numerical waveguide mode theory, and experimental data validate this model and show its capabilities compared to other methods. Although this FDTD model was developed for the lightning-generated electromagnetic field simulation, it is also applicable for other very low frequency (VLF, 3-30 kHz) and extremely low frequency (ELF, 3-3000 Hz) wave propagation problems

/pdf/an-fdtd-model-for-low-and-high-altitude-lightning-generated-2glt8dzlc8.pdf

An FDTD model for low and high altitude lightning-generated EM fields

This paper presents a full-wave analysis of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The antenna treated here consists of a resistor-loaded bow-tie antenna, which is covered with a rectangular conducting cavity of which inner walls are coated partially or fully with ferrite absorber. Some techniques are introduced into the FDTD analysis to obtain the accurate results and to save the computer resources. The validity of the FDTD analysis is confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, the effects of the ferrite absorber on the GPR characteristics are theoretically investigated in detail. The FDTD results indicate that the remarkable improvement of the antenna characteristics for the GPR system cannot be attained by the ferrite absorber.

FDTD analysis of resistor-loaded bow-tie antennas covered with ferrite-coated conducting cavity for subsurface radar

The skin is sensitive to temperature change and the effect may not be significant while the temperature at the surface is below 44°C. However, higher surface temperatures (above 44°C) will further incur time burning and carbonization so that irreversible damage may happen. An investigation of the heating intensity and the duration of the exposure to the heating source suggested that when the surface temperature is greater than 51°C, the exposure time required to destroy the epidermis is so short that trans-epidermal necrosis may occur. In this paper, we present one- and two-dimensional numerical models based on transmission line matrix (TLM) method for a quantitative prediction of skin burn injury resulting from the exposure of the skin surface to a high temperature heat source. Transient temperatures are numerically estimated by solving the Pennes' bioheat equation, and the damage function denoting the extent of burn injury is calculated using the Arrhenius assumptions for protein damage rate. The TLM model is used to analyse the effects of exposure time and geometrical dimensions of mutlilayered skin, on the transient temperature distribution and damage extension. TLM results showed good agreement with other numerical sources, suggesting that TLM modelling can be used as a tool for an effective thermal diagnostic of burn injuries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dimensional soft tissue thermal injury analysis using transmission line matrix (TLM) method

Advances in computing technologies in recent decades have provided a means of generating and performing highly sophisticated computational simulations of electromagnetic phenomena. In particular, just after the turn of the twenty-first century, improvements to computing infrastructures provided for the first time the opportunity to conduct advanced, high-resolution three-dimensional full-vector Maxwell’s equations investigations of electromagnetic propagation throughout the global Earth-ionosphere spherical volume. These models, based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are capable of including such details as the Earth’s topography and bathymetry, as well as arbitrary horizontal/vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities and anisotropies of the ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. Studies at this level of detail simply are not achievable using analytical methods. The goal of this paper is to provide an historical overview and future prospectus of global FDTD computational research for both natural and man-made electromagnetic phenomena around the world. Current and future applications of global FDTD models relating to lightning sources and radiation, Schumann resonances, hypothesized earthquake precursors, remote sensing, and space weather are discussed.

Current and Future Applications of 3-D Global Earth-Ionosphere Models Based on the Full-Vector Maxwell’s Equations FDTD Method

The authors point out that modeling of interfaces between two media, using time-domain surface impedances, permits one to reduce the discretization volume in the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) technique. The method presented here is based on an exact formulation of surface impedances, starting from Fresnel reflection coefficients for oblique incidence of the incident wave. The concept, valid for homogeneous and frequency-independent media, is then introduced into an FDTD algorithm where it is converted into a surface-impedance boundary condition (SIBC) for vertical or horizontal polarizations of locally plane waves. Two- and three-dimensional results are compared to those computed with classical FDTD or Fresnel reflection coefficients involving a Fourier transform. >

Implementation of a surface impedance formalism at oblique incidence in FDTD method

Surface impedance formalism permits to reduce the discretization volume in a finite difference time domain (FDTD) code. The method based on the definition of surface impedances for plane waves at horizontal or vertical polarizations, is introduced in fdtd algorithm, to model interfaces between two media. In this paper, two dimensional and three dimensional results are compared to those computed with classical fdtd or Fresnel reflection coefficients involving a Fourier transform.

Surface impedance boundary conditions at oblique incidence in FDTD

In a previous paper, a surface impedance formalism was given. Its application to interfaces modelling between homogeneous and frequency dependent media, was of great interest in the finite difference timedomain (fdtd) codes. In this paper, an extension of the method to dispersive media is presented. Applying this formalism to lossless Debye medium, the analytical expressions of the time- domain surface impedances are given. The implementation in a fdtd code permits then a numerical verification of the results in relation to the Fresnel method.

Time-domain surface impedances of lossless Debye media

In this paper the time-domain surface impedances of an homogeneous absorber layer, are given for the vertical and horizontal polarizations, or respectively for the electric field perpendicular or parallel to the incidence plane. It turns out that the application of the concept in finite difference time-domain (FDTD) in absorbing surface impedances boundary conditions, gives results in good agreement with analytical Fresnel reflection coefficients.

Absorbing surface impedances of lossy layers in the finite difference time-domain method

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Implementation of a surface impedance formalism at oblique incidence in FDTD method

Surface impedance boundary conditions at oblique incidence in FDTD

Time-domain surface impedances of lossless Debye media

Absorbing surface impedances of lossy layers in the finite difference time-domain method