Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family, which are β‑galactoside‑binding lectins with ≥1 evolutionary conserved carbohydrate‑recognition domain. It binds proteins in a carbohydrate‑dependent and ‑independent manner. Galectin‑3 is predominantly located in the cytoplasm; however, it shuttles into the nucleus and is secreted onto the cell surface and into biological fluids including serum and urine. It serves important functions in numerous biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, pre‑mRNA splicing, differentiation, transformation, angiogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis and host defense. Numerous previous studies have indicated that galectin‑3 may be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. With emerging evidence to support the function and application of galectin‑3, the current review aims to summarize the latest literature regarding the biomarker characteristics and potential therapeutic application of galectin‑3 in associated diseases.

/pdf/galectin-3-as-a-novel-biomarker-for-disease-diagnosis-and-a-5ci70sx8cb.pdf

Galectin-3 as a novel biomarker for disease diagnosis and a target for therapy (Review)

Background: Recent advances in research on thyroid carcinogenesis have yielded applications of diagnostic molecular biomarkers and profiling panels in the management of thyroid nodules. The specific utility of these novel, clinically available molecular tests is becoming widely appreciated, especially in perioperative decision making by the surgeon regarding the need for surgery and the extent of initial resection. Methods: A task force was convened by the Surgical Affairs Committee of the American Thyroid Association and was charged with writing this article. Results/Conclusions: This review covers the clinical scenarios by cytologic category for which the thyroid surgeon may find molecular profiling results useful, particularly for cases with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology. Distinct strengths of each ancillary test are highlighted to convey the current status of this evolving field, which has already demonstrated the potential to streamline decision making and reduce unnecessary surgery, ...

American Thyroid Association Statement on Surgical Application of Molecular Profiling for Thyroid Nodules: Current Impact on Perioperative Decision Making.

Excellent outcomes have been achieved in the field of renal transplantation. A significant reduction in acute rejection has been attained at many renal transplant centers using contemporary immunosuppressive, consisting of an induction agent, a calcineurin inhibitor, an antiproliferative agent plus or minus a corticosteroid. Despite improvements with these regimens, chronic allograft injury and adverse events still persist. The perfect immunosuppressive regimen would limit or eliminate calcineurin inhibitors and/or corticosteroid toxicity while providing enhanced allograft outcomes. Potential improvements to the calcineurin inhibitor class include a prolonged release tacrolimus formulation and voclosporin, a cyclosporine analog. Belatacept has shown promise as an agent to replace calcineurin inhibitors. A novel, fully-human anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, ASKP1240, is currently enrolling patients in phase 2 trials with calcineurin minimization and avoidance regimens. Another future goal of transplant immunosuppression is effective and safe treatment of allograft rejection. Novel treatments for antibody mediated rejection include bortezomib and eculizumab. Several investigational agents are no longer being pursed in transplantation including the induction agents, efalizumab and alefacept, and maintenance agents, sotrastaurin and tofacitinib. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the published evidence of the effectiveness and safety of investigational immunosuppressive agents in renal transplant recipients.

Novel immunosuppressive agents in kidney transplantation

Introduction

Preferences for the testing and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in renal transplant patients vary among programs and individual practitioners. The description of these preferences and identification of commonalities can contribute to creating a standard of care.



Methods

A survey was distributed through the Transplant Listserv of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) and via email to members of the American Society of Transplantation Community of Pharmacy (AST CoP), collected, and analyzed.



Results

Most clinicians (26/28) test for donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) when evaluating a patient with possible AMR. Treatments for AMR varied widely among responding clinicians and included intravenous immune globulin (IVIG, n = 25), plasmapheresis (n = 24), rituximab (n = 8), bortezomib (n = 4), rabbit antithymocyte globulin (n = 2), and eculizumab (n = 1). Weight-based dosing of IVIG averaged 1.8 g/kg total dose. Six centers use rituximab as initial therapy, while two use rituximab if other therapy fails. Four centers use bortezomib as initial therapy, while two centers use it for severe/persistent AMR. One center uses eculizumab as initial therapy and one center uses it for severe AMR.



Conclusion

Methods for the detection of AMR are similar, yet treatment of AMR varies widely. Most centers utilize DSA for detection and a combination of IVIG and plasmapheresis for treatment.

Treatment of antibody-mediated rejection in renal transplant patients: a clinical practice survey

Anyaegbu EI, Almond PS, Milligan T, Allen WR, Gharaybeh S, Al-Akash SI. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of BK viremia and nephropathy in pediatric renal transplant recipients. 
Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: E19–E24. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Polyoma BKVN is a significant cause of allograft dysfunction and loss in renal transplant recipients. Reduction in immunosuppression is accepted as first-line therapy to decrease viral load and prevent allograft injury and dysfunction. We report our experience with persistent BKV after reduction in immunosuppression followed by successful clearance of BKV in three pediatric renal transplant recipients and histological resolution of BKVN in a fourth patient following therapy with IVIG. Once BKV was detected, immunosuppression was reduced and BKV was monitored until clearance was achieved. All four patients were given IVIG in a dose of 2 g/kg. Allograft function remained stable in all patients. Early routine screening for BKV allows early intervention to prevent the development of BKVN and permanent allograft damage. While immunosuppression reduction is a logical first-line therapy, second-line therapy is not well established. IVIG seems to be an effective treatment for persistent BKV after reduction in immunosuppression and for BKVN and can therefore be considered as a therapeutic option in these patients.

Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of BK viremia and nephropathy in pediatric renal transplant recipients.

Sp808early vs. late acute antibody mediated rejection among renal transplant recipients in terms of its response to rituximab therapy-single center expereince

/pdf/sp635early-vs-late-acute-antibody-mediated-rejection-among-1gnshzj0um.pdf

Sp635early vs. late acute antibody mediated rejection among renal transplant recipients in terms of its response to rituximab therapy-single center expereince

In cytology practice some papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases have indeterminate diagnoses and overlapping cytological features with benign lesions. This study was undertaken to find out if immunocytochemistry using Galectin-3, CD-44 and HBME-1 could be of help in such situations. Forty-six cases consisting of 22 malignancy (PTC) cases, 7 suspicious of (S/O) PTC, 1 follicular neoplasm, 5 follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS), and 11 benign (colloid goiter) cases diagnosed by FNA were included in this study. Staining reactions were graded in a sliding scale of –, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+. In an assessment of 100 cells, each cell with weak, and moderate to strong positive reaction were assigned a score of 1 and 4, respectively. Staining reaction of ≥+2 and scores >100 were considered positive. Frequency of cases with ≥+2 reaction, and scores >100 for each of Galectin-3, CD-44, and HBME-1 were significantly higher in PTC or combined PTC and S/O PTC cases as compared with FLUS and benign cases taken together (P = 0.01744 to 0.00000). When the cases were compared according to histological malignant and benign diagnoses, the difference was also significant in respect of ≥+2 reaction, and scores >100 for Galectin-3 and CD44 (P = 0.04923 to 0.00947); however, there was no significant difference, when these parameters for HBME1 were compared. Galectin 3, CD 44, and to some extent HBME 1 are useful immunocytochemical parameters with potential to support FNAC diagnosis of PTC, especially in situations with difficult differential diagnoses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:498–505. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Contribution of immunocytochemical stainings for galectin‐3, CD44, and HBME1 to fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma

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Sp808early vs. late acute antibody mediated rejection among renal transplant recipients in terms of its response to rituximab therapy-single center expereince

Sp635early vs. late acute antibody mediated rejection among renal transplant recipients in terms of its response to rituximab therapy-single center expereince

Contribution of immunocytochemical stainings for galectin‐3, CD44, and HBME1 to fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma