IT may occasion some surprise to those men of science who are ill-acquainted with India, and who so frequently express the view that Governments are unappreciative of the importance of science to learn that as far back as 1886 the Government of India arranged for Dr. George (later Sir George) Watt, professor of botany in the Presidency College, Calcutta, to prepare a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India". The six volumes of this standard work were published during the years 1889-99. In 1908 Sir George Watt published a condensed version, "The Commercial Products of India". Whatever the defects of these 'dictionaries', they have been of inestimable value to all interested in Indian natural products. The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Raw Materials, Vol. 1. Pp. xxvii+254+39 plates. 15 rupees ; 24s. Industrial Products, Part 1. Pp. xii+182+8 plates. 8 rupees ; 12s. (New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948.)

The Wealth of India

To our knowledge, little attention has been paid to evaluating ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) roles in plants grown under salinity stress. In this study, seeds of lupine (Lupinus termis) plants were grown in plastic pots and exposed to 0 (control) and 150 (S) mM NaCl with or without priming with different concentrations of ZnO [20 mg L−1 (ZNPs1), 40 mg L−1 (ZNPs2), and 60 mg L−1 (ZNPs3)] for 20 days. Salinized plants showed a reduction in plant growth parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight) and in the contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids) and Zn, as well as in the activity of catalase (CAT) against control plants. On the other side, salinity stress boosted the contents of organic solutes (soluble sugar, soluble protein, total free amino acids, and proline), total phenols, malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid and Na, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in stressed plants over control plants. However, seed-priming with ZNPs mostly stimulated growth of stressed plants, which was accompanied by reinforcement in the levels of photosynthetic pigments, organic solutes, total phenols, ascorbic acid and Zn, as well as in the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and APX enzymes over stressed plants alone. On the contrary, priming with ZNPs caused a decrement in the contents of MDA and Na in stressed plants relative to salinized plants alone. It is worthy to mention that, this improvement in salt tolerance of plants primed with ZNPs was more obvious in plants primed with ZNPs3 and grown both in unstressed and stressed regimes. Thus, our findings suggest that seed-priming with ZNPs, especially 60 mg L−1 ZnO is an effective strategy that can be used to enhance salt tolerance of lupine plants.

The Possible Roles of Priming with ZnO Nanoparticles in Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Lupine ( Lupinus termis ) Plants

Over the years, post-harvest management strategies of fungal pathogens have depended on the aggressive usage of synthetic chemicals (fungicides). This conduct has been reported to have a negative environmental impact, cause potential harm to humans due to exposure to residues, and increase the risk of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms resistant. These emphasises the need for safe and effective alternative treatments capable of preventing fruit infections and maintaining quality in order to minimize post-harvest losses. Ethno-pharmacological assessments of various plant extracts and other natural compounds such as active metabolites and enzymes produced by microorganisms have shown potential as fungi-static and/or -cidal agents against fruit pathogens. This review provides an overview on: the mechanisms and action of fruit pathogens and the existing synthetic fungicides and biological controls strategies. The potentials of plant extracts as alternative control was discussed with emphasises on the phyto-chemistry of selected plant extracts with high efficacy against fruit pathogens in order to gain insight into their bioactive compounds. In addition, the implication of extensive spatial scale application of synthetic fungicides leading to fungal resistance was discussed and the importance of synergistic use of natural compound were addressed. Challenges associated with upscaling plant extracts and other natural compounds from lab scale and commercialization were highlighted.

Plant extracts and other natural compounds as alternatives for post-harvest management of fruit fungal pathogens: A review

Plant beneficial rhizobacteria (PBR) is a group of naturally occurring rhizospheric microbes that enhance nutrient availability and induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance through a wide array of mechanisms to enhance agricultural sustainability. Application of PBR has the potential to reduce worldwide requirement of agricultural chemicals and improve agro-ecological sustainability. The PBR exert their beneficial effects in three major ways; (1) fix atmospheric nitrogen and synthesize specific compounds to promote plant growth, (2) solubilize essential mineral nutrients in soils for plant uptake, and (3) produce antimicrobial substances and induce systemic resistance in host plants to protect them from biotic and abiotic stresses. Application of PBR as suitable inoculants appears to be a viable alternative technology to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Furthermore, PBR enhance nutrient and water use efficiency, influence dynamics of mineral recycling, and tolerance of plants to other environmental stresses by improving health of soils. This report provides comprehensive reviews and discusses beneficial effects of PBR on plant and soil health. Considering their multitude of functions to improve plant and soil health, we propose to call the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) as PBR.

Revisiting the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: lessons from the past and objectives for the future

Salinity is a worldwide issue of intimidating land productivity and the production of food. Seed priming can be an effective approach to enhance the performance of seedlings growing in salinity str...

Influence of seed priming with ZnO nanoparticles on the salt-induced damages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants

Biological nitrogen fixation represents the major source of N input in agricultural soils and rhizobia chemically convert the nitrogen from the air to make it available for the plant.The N fixation process is influenced by many factors and P is one of them. Due to the important role played by P in the physiological processes of plants, application of P to soil deficient in this nutrient leads to increase plant growth and yield. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on some physiological characters of peanut plants. Five different rhizobial inoculants (approximately 1.9 x 108 cfu) alone and in combination with DAP (as phosphate fertilizer @ 60kg/ha) were used as treatments. After 30 days of germination all the treatments showed significant effects on physical parameters of peanut plants, more significant results observed when plants treated with rhizobial inoculations with combination of DAP. Due to the imperative role played by P in the physiological processes of plants, application of P with rhizobial inoculants are beneficial for leguminous plants growth.

Supplementation of P with rhizobial inoculants to improve growth of Peanut plants

Salinity and allelopathy are major environmental factors that lead to deterioration of agricultural land anda reduction in crop productivity worldwide. The given investigations were undertaken to assess whether exogenous application of Mn+B+Zn mixture through foliar spray ameliorate the adverse effects of salinity and Basil leaf litter stress on growth and biochemical activities of methi plants. In this concern, three concentrations of NaCl (i.e. 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) along with 5% BL were applied in soil medium and the suspension of Mn+B+Zn in ratios (1:1:1) in concentrations of 2.5ppm and 5ppm were sprayed once a week. Foliar applications of micronutrient mixture were found to improve all the studied growth parameters and biochemical activities of Methi plants irrespective to their growth under non-saline or saline conditions. The results of this study suggest that foliar spray with micronutrient may have a potential role for increasing methi tolerance to salinity stress. The application of micronutrient spray appeared to ameliorate the toxic effects of excessive Na+ and allelochemical present in the growing medium which is reflected by producing economically feasible yields even beyond the threshold value of salinity for respective crop.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2014/vol3issue2/PartA/6.1.pdf

Augmentation of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (methi) Growth under Salinity Stress and Allelochemical stress Through Mn+B+Zn Mixture Foliar Spray

This given research evaluates the effect of compost with and without the living forms of biofertilizer on the growth and development of Mung plants (Vigna radiata). Four different types of Trichoderma species were used to compost Wheat bran as a carbon source @ 10 tons per hectare. The result showed that compost with living organisms induced an overall increase in growth and developments of plants. The promotion in length of plant was significant with the application of compost with living Trichoderma species. The carbohydrate content and the protein content were also increased with both forms of applied composts but the promotion was higher in the plants with the compost containing the living microbial inoculants.

/pdf/comparative-effect-of-composts-with-and-without-microbial-3xy676zeb1.pdf

Comparative effect of composts with and without microbial inoculants on the growth of Vigna radiata

Recycled irrigation water is one of the major sources of inoculum and may spread plant pathogens in agricultural land or nurseries Although the recycling of irrigation water has both environmental and ecological benefits, but if not disinfected, it can result in serious disease epidemics and crop losses Chlorination is the most economical method of disinfecting water and has been adopted by commercial growers in modern age The given research was carried out in the department of botany, Jinnah University for women, Karachi, for evaluating the disinfecting ability of Chlorine in irrigation water The growing plants were irrigated with water containing 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm of free chlorine for 2 weeks The following physical measurements were used to assess the treatments: Shoot length, Root length, Fresh weigh, Dry weight The observed data indicated the efficiency of free chlorine present in irrigation water for promoting the initial growth level of plant in account of its disinfection capability that suppressed pathogen activity and promotes growth

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2015/vol4issue4/PartA/4-3-76.pdf

The efficacy of chlorinated water used for irrigation purpose on plant initial growth

The optimum access of growing crop to essential nutrients reduced the risk for being eliminated or affected by allelopaths. In the given research an aqueous leaf leachate of Mangifera indica L. (mango) was used to investigate their effects on growth yield of Lens culinaris L. (lentil) and also to evaluate the control of allelochemical inhibitory effect by supplying proper nutrient as organic and inorganic fertilizer. Leaf litter of mango tree were crushed and soaked for 24h in water; the filtrates were diluted to make different concentration (i.e. 1%, 5% and 10%) and used to investigate their effect on the test crops. The experiment was carried out in sterilized Petri plates lined with moist filter paper, kept under natural light dark cycle at 25 ± 0.5oC and was replicated three times. The aqueous leaf leachate of M. indica was found to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on shoot, root elongation and dry matter of treated plants. Result indicated that the inhibitory effect was much more pronounced at higher leachate concentrations, while the lower concentration showed stimulatory effect in some cases. The inhibitory effect was much pronounced (P<0.001) in shoot and root length as compared to the dry weight of the receptor crop.

/pdf/fym-npk-fertilization-to-control-allellochemical-effects-of-4682lesw6g.pdf

Fym+npk fertilization to control allellochemical effects of mangifera indica l. leaf leachate on lens culinaris l.

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