https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/2/30/pdf

Detection Technologies for Reactive Oxygen Species: Fluorescence and Electrochemical Methods and Their Applications.

Over the past decade, artificial nanomaterials that exhibit properties similar to those of enzymes are gaining attraction in electrochemical biosensing as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to enzymes This review article discusses the main features of the various nanomaterials (metal oxide, metal, and carbon-based materials) explored so far to mimic different kinds of enzymes The unprecedented opportunities imparted by these functional nanomaterials or their nanohybrids, mostly providing peroxidase-like activity, in electrochemical affinity biosensing are critically discussed mainly in connection with their use as catalytic labels or electrode surface modifiers by highlighting representative strategies reported in the past 5 years with application in the food, environmental, and biomedical fields Apart from outlining the pros and cons of nanomaterial-based enzyme mimetics arising from the impressive development they have experienced over the last few years, current challenges and future directions for achieving their widespread use and exploiting their full potential in the development of electrochemical biosensors are discussed

Nanozymes in electrochemical affinity biosensing

: Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activities. The unique features of nanozymes (such as high stability, low cost, large surface area for bioconjugation, ease of storage, and multi-functionalities) offer unprecedented opportunities for designing electrochemical biosensors. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors. To highlight these achievements, this review first discusses the representative nanozymes including peroxidase mimics, oxidase mimics, hydrolase mimics, and superoxide dismutase mimics used in electrochemical biosensors. Then, it summarizes the bioanalytical applications for the detection of various analytes. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are summarized.

Recent advances on nanozyme‐based electrochemical biosensors

http://www.electrochemsci.org/abstracts/vol12/120605092.pdf

Functionalized Polyethyleneimine-gold Nanoparticles-Porphyrin Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Glucose Biosensing

The use of molecular imprinting technology (MIT) to achieve specific recognition of target analytes is burgeoning research in the field of sensing. Herein, a UV self-initiated polymerized platform based on Au and TiO2 co-functionalized fluorescent lanthanum metal-organic framework (La-MOF) has been first fabricated for the specific recognition and elimination of caffeic acid (CA). Impressively, the synthesis of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) needs no foreign initiator because the polymerization is initiated by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) photogenerated by TiO2 under UV light, which is more environmentally friendly and more efficient than traditional MIT. More importantly, La-MOF can emit fluorescence to assist photocatalysis of TiO2 under UV light while Au NPs can decompose the hydrogen peroxide photogenerated by TiO2 to produce •OH to initiate the polymerization. As a result, with the aid of unique MIPs, the pre-fabricated sensor is utilized for the specific determination of CA by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry with the detecting range of 1–150 μM and a low limit of detection of 0.15 μM. Meanwhile, the determinations for CA in real environmental water samples have also been performed with good recoveries, revealing the auspicious application potential in environmental monitoring. 

An Ultraviolet Self-initiated Polymerized Platform for Specific Recognition and Elimination of Caffeic Acid Based on the Molecular Imprinting Technology

An efficient catalyst based on artificial bionic peroxidase was synthesized for electrocatalysis. A poly(ethyleneimine)/Au nanoparticle composite (PEI-AuNP) was prepared and it was then linked to hemin via a coupling reaction between carboxyl groups in hemin and amino groups in PEI without the activation of a carboxyl group by carbodiimide. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy verified the formation of amido bonds within the structure. The presence of AuNPs contributed greatly in establishing the amido bonds within the composite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy were also used to characterize the PEI-AuNP–hemin catalyst. PEI-AuNP–hemin exhibited intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activities. The PEI-AuNP–hemin deposited on a glass carbon electrode had strong sensing for H2O2 with a well-defined linear relationship between the amperometric response and H2O2 concentration in the range from 1 μM to 0.25 mM. The detection limit was 0.247 nM with a high sensitivity of 0.347 mA mM−1 cm−2. The peroxidase-like catalytic activity of PEI-AuNP–hemin is discussed in relation to its microstructure. The study suggests that PEI-AuNP–hemin may have promising application prospects in biocatalysis and bioelectronics.

A biomimetic enzyme modified electrode for H2O2 highly sensitive detection.

The invention disclose a novel material containing bionic enzyme. According to the invention, gold nano-particles are synthesized with PEI. PEI is a positively charged polymer rich in imine and amine groups and with good water solubility. PEI can coordinate with gold ions in chloroauric acid. With the reducibility of PEI branched chain amino group, uniform gold nano-particles with uniform particle size can be prepared. PEI molecule comprises amino group which can easily form amide bond with Hemin, such that Hemin molecule is connected to PEI containing gold nano-particles. Through centrifugation and separation purification, a coated gold nano-particle Hemin bionic material is obtained. The novel material has high catalytic performance of bionic enzyme, and can be used as an electrochemical probe for detecting water pollutant content such as hydrogen peroxide and catechol contents. Also, the material itself has a porous structure, and can be used for adsorbing dye molecules such as methyl orange and rhodamine. Therefore, the ecological environment can be protected.

Application of coated gold nano-particle Hemin material

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A biomimetic enzyme modified electrode for H2O2 highly sensitive detection.

Application of coated gold nano-particle Hemin material