High temperatures lead to oxidative stress, which can disturb spermatogenesis process. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) peel contain antioxidant expected to compensate oxidative stress due to heat stress exposure. This study aimed to determine the effect of watermelon rind ethanolic extract on the number of Leydig, Sertoli, and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat (40°C). Twenty rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided randomly into five groups. In the control group (T0) rats were not exposed to heat nor given the watermelon rind extract. T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups were exposed to heat for an hour daily and orally given placebo (1% Na CMC), 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW of watermelon rind extract (in 1% Na CMC). Rats were treated for 52 days, and sacrificed for the testicle collection. Hematoxylin-eosin stained histological slides were prepared for the examination of Leydig, Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. The results showed no significant difference (p >0.05) in the average number of Leydig cells in rats among groups. The number of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat (T1) was lower than those of the normal rats (T0 group). The dose of watermelon rind ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg BW (T3 group) and 400 mg/kg BW (T4) increased (p <0.05) the number of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. It could be concluded that a dose of 400mg/kg BW of watermelon rind ethanolic extract maintained the number of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and spermatogenic cells of rats exposed to heat.

/pdf/the-effect-of-watermelon-citrullus-lanatus-rind-ethanolic-3v3dycceio.pdf

THE EFFECT OF WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) RIND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON THE NUMBER OF LEYDIG, SERTOLI, AND SPERMATOGENIC CELLS OF RAT (Rattus novergicus) EXPOSED TO HEAT

This study aims to determine the effect of red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fruit peel extract (RDFPE) on the parameters of Leydig cells number, seminiferous tubules diameter, and testicular weight of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to heat (40°C). Twenty adult male mice were divided randomly into five groups. The control group (C) mice only received a placebo. Meanwhile, the treatment groups mice were exposed to heat for 45 minutes daily for 36 days and oral administration of placebo, RDFPE of 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg BW for T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The result showed that heat exposure on mice (T0 group) caused a lower of all of the parameters (p 0.05) than the control group (normal mice). However, the higher dose of RDFPE (1000 mg/kg BW, T3 group) resulted in the lower values of those parameters (p <0.05) than those of the T2 group. It could be concluded that 500mg/kg BW dose of RDFPE could return Leydig cells number, seminiferous tubules diameter, and testicular weight of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to heat.

/pdf/the-effect-of-red-dragon-fruit-skin-extract-hylocereus-53o4hfqt93.pdf

The effect of red dragon fruit skin extract (hylocereus polyrhizus) on the number of leydig cells, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and testicular weight of male mice (mus musculus) exposured with hot temperatures

This study aimed to determine honey's potential in increasing the number of spermatogenic cells (spermatogonium, spermatocyte and spermatid) of rats (Rattus norvegicus) with nutritional deficiencies. Twenty four male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into four groups. Negative control (K-) mice was not fasted nor given honey. Positive control (K+) mice was fasted for 5 days without the administration of honey. The treatment group rats were fasted for 5 days followed by administration of honey 30% (P1) and 50% (P2) in drinking water for 10 days. On the 76th day all rats were sacrificed and their testes were collected for histological slides using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The results showed that fasting treatment for five days (group K +) caused a decrease (p <0.05) in the number of spermatogonia cells, spermatocytes and spermatids compared to those of the normal mice (group K–). Administration of 50% honey (group P2) for 10 days caused an increase (p <0.05) in the number of spermatogonia cells, spermatocytes and spermatids compared to the K + group mice. In P2 group, the number of spermatogonia cells was lower (p <0.05), while the number of spermatocytes and spermatids was not significantly different than in the K– group mice. It could be concluded that the administration of honey was able to regenerate the testicular tissue of rats with nutritional deficiency by increasing the number of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules.

/pdf/potensi-madu-pada-peningkatan-jumlah-sel-spermatogenik-tikus-3384wrd1af.pdf

Potensi madu pada peningkatan jumlah sel spermatogenik tikus (rattus norvegicus) yang kekurangan nutrisi

First aid intervention and pre-hospital (FAPH) practices are common in patients suffering from snakebite envenomation (SBE). In this study, we have reviewed the literature concerning the use of these practices in various regions of the world in the period 1947–2023 based on published prospective studies. A total of 71 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In terms of the total number of patients in all studies that used each FAPH intervention, the most common practice was the application of tourniquets (45.8%). Other FAPH practices described include cuts/incisions (6.7%), the application of a variety of natural or synthetic substances at the bite site (5.6%), and ingestion of natural, usually herbal, remedies (2.9%). Washing the site of the bite was described in 9.1% of patients. There were other less frequent FAPH practices, including suction, splinting-immobilization, pressure-bandage, ice packs, application of a snake/black stone, and administration of alcoholic beverages. There were differences in the extent of application of FAPH interventions in different continents. Tourniquets were highest (55.7%) in Asia. Topical application of various products was common in South America, while pressure-bandage was only reported in Australia. We did not find any statistically significant variations in the frequency of the most frequent FAPH interventions at three-time intervals (before 2006, between 2006 and 2015, and after 2015). Our findings highlight the use of FAPH interventions in patients suffering SBE, some of which are known to be harmful. It is necessary to study these practices to a higher level of geographic granularity, using community-based surveys. Programs tailored to local contexts should be promoted, aimed at avoiding the use of harmful FAPH practices. It is also necessary to assess the efficacy and safety of some interventions through robust preclinical and clinical studies. 

First aid and pre-hospital practices in snakebite victims: The persistent use of harmful interventions.

Ṯābit Ibn Qurrah’s contributions to toxicology

: High temperatures lead to oxidative stress which can decrease the quality of spermatozoa. Mangosteen rind contains polyphenols inter alia xanthones which have antioxidant properties. As free radical scavengers, the xanthones provide fast hydrogen atom movement into the lipid radicals and turn them into more stable forms. This study aimed to determine the effect of extract of mangosteen rind on wistar male sperm quality exposed to heat. This was an experimental study with a posttest randomized control group design. Samples were 6 wistar rats divided into 2 groups: group P0 was exposured to 400C of temperature; group P1 was exposured to the same temperature however the rats were given extract of mangosteen rind. The treatment was done for 52 days. The results showed that P1 group showed some improvement in the quality of spermatozoa with an average concentration of spermatozoa 76.5, x 106 mL, average percentage of motility 82.2%, average percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa 81.7%, and average percentage of abnormal morphology 18.3%. Conclusion: Extract of mangosteen rind can increase and improve the spermatozoa quality (concentration, motility, and morphology) of wistar rats exposed to heat. Keywords : quality of spermatozoa, xanthones, exposure to heat, oxidative stress Abstrak : Suhu panas memicu terjadinya stres oksidatif yang dapat menurunkan kualitas spermatozoa. Kulit buah manggis memiliki kandungan polifenol yaitu xanthone yang memiliki sifat antioksidan. Xanthone sebagai antioksidan yaitu penangkal radikal bebas memberikan atom hidrogen secara cepat ke radikal lipid dan mengubahnya menjadi bentuk yang lebih stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kulit buah manggis terhadap kualitas spermatozoa wistar jantan yang diberi paparan suhu panas. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dengan rancangan “post test randomized control group design”. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 6 ekor wistar yang terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok: kelompok P0 diberikan paparan suhu panas 400c, kelompok P1 diberikan paparan suhu sebesar 40°c dan ekstrak kulit buah manggis. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 52 hari. Hasil penelitian pada kelompok P1 menunjukkan perbaikan kualitas spermatozoa dengan rerata konsentrasi spermatozoa (76,5,x106 mL), rerata motilitas 82,2%, rerata morfologi normal spermatozoa 81,7%, dan rerata morfologi abnormal 18,3%. Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak kulit buah manggis dapat meningkatkan kualitas spermatozoa (konsentrasi, motilitas, dan morfologi) dari wistar jantan Rattus norvegicus yang diberi paparan suhu panas. Kata kunci : kualitas spermatozoa, xanthone, paparan suhu panas, stres oksidatif

/pdf/pengaruh-pemberian-ekstrak-kulit-buah-manggis-garcinia-2byedgo9xk.pdf

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA WISTAR JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIBERI PAPARAN SUHU PANAS

Pre-clinical efficacy of African medicinal plants used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming: A systematic review

Understanding the pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis can be improved by studying the genetics of bovine trypanosomes. Pathogenic animal trypanosomes are a major impediment to livestock production, with negative economic consequences spreading beyond Sub-Saharan Africa to subtropical regions of Northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. An atypical K1 strain of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) isolates from infected cattle in Nigeria was analyzed. The therapeutic effect of phenolic-rich compounds on the histopathology of wistar rats infected with the K1 strain was studied. The K1 strain T. evansi was analyzed molecularly using PCR and sequence analysis of the Spacer-1 ribosomal RNA gene. To assess the evolutionary relationship, this was phylogenetically compared to other species studied in different parts of the world. Thirty adult male wistar rats were divided into six groups of five each. Animals in group A served as the standard control (not infected). Group B animals were infected but not treated. Group C animals were infected and given 3.5 mg/kg body weight of the standard drug diminazene aceturate. Animals in groups D, E, and F were infected and treated with phenolic-rich compounds isolated from Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The phytochemicals were extracted using standard analytical procedures, and GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic-rich compounds. The animals were given 0.2 mg/ml trypanosome intraperitoneally, diluted with normal saline. The vital organs of the animals were harvested and histologically examined. The nested PCR amplification of the trypanosome's ITS-1 region revealed a DNA amplicon of 627 base pairs. The rRNA nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number MN462960. Basic Local Alignment search of the obtained ITS-1 rRNA sequences revealed that the K1 strain trypanosome and other strains from different regions have an evolutionary relationship. The phenolic-rich compounds had protective effects on the organs of infected animals, resulting in a decrease in parasitemia levels. They have anti-trypanosome activities at the minimum and maximum effective doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The K1 strain T. evansi was isolated from naturally infected cattle in this study. The results indicate that phenolic-rich compounds have anti trypanosoma activities capable of healing organ damage caused by trypanosomiasis. 

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of a type K1 strain Trypanosoma evansi isolate from Nigerian cattle: An evaluation of the therapeutic effects of compounds from Brassica oleracea on the histopathology of infected wister rats

The research is design to provide scientific evidence for the use of Cryptolepis oblongifolia in traditional treatment of inflammation and also to examine whether it have some snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibition potential. A triterpene was isolated from C. oblongifolia using column chromatography and identified via spectroscopic means. The inhibitory activity of the isolate on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) of Naja nigricollis venom was evaluated. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) of the isolated compound showed the presence of olefinic protons while the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) showed the presence of exomethylene carbon atoms. By comparison with the reported literature the compound was found to be lupeol, the inhibitory activity of the isolate on PLA2 of Naja nigricollis venom showed that, the isolate inhibits the PLA2 at dose dependent manner with inhibition binding constant (ki) of 0.015 mg/ml. The activity of the compound isolated supports the local usage of C. oblongifolia in traditional treatment of inflammation.

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF LUPEOL FROM Cryptolepis oblongifolia (MEINS) SCHLTR ON PARTIALLY PURIFIED PHOSPHOLIAPASE A2 VENOM OF Naja nigricollis (ELAPIDAE)

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA WISTAR JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIBERI PAPARAN SUHU PANAS

Pre-clinical efficacy of African medicinal plants used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming: A systematic review

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of a type K1 strain Trypanosoma evansi isolate from Nigerian cattle: An evaluation of the therapeutic effects of compounds from Brassica oleracea on the histopathology of infected wister rats

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF LUPEOL FROM Cryptolepis oblongifolia (MEINS) SCHLTR ON PARTIALLY PURIFIED PHOSPHOLIAPASE A2 VENOM OF Naja nigricollis (ELAPIDAE)