Gender differences in technology adoption and agricultural productivity: Evidence from Malawi

Sustainable development has emerged as a crucial factor enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in light of societal expectations and government regulations. Within this context, innovation assumes a significant role in this challenge, particularly for smaller companies facing greater obstacles in fostering innovation. These constraints have prompted both internal and external innovation initiatives, commonly referred to as open innovation. In this article, we scrutinize the influence of environmental practices on innovation endeavors, specifically examining whether the innovation strategy and its implementation facilitate the advancement of open innovation within SMEs. Furthermore, we explore the potential moderating effect of firm owners' gender on these relationships. The research model is validated using data from 543 companies in Ecuador, employing the partial least squares (PLS) method. The findings elucidate how environmental sustainability can promote the adoption of open innovation practices, with the innovation strategy and its implementation acting as mediators in this relationship. The impact of gender only manifests in the innovation strategy pertaining to environmental sustainability. In conclusion, open innovation stemming from the pivotal role of environmental sustainability emerges as a critical driver in augmenting innovation performance across various dimensions, such as quality, growth, efficiency, process enhancement, organizational practices, employee motivation, and acquisition of new product/service skills. 

Impact of environmental sustainability on open innovation in SMEs: An empirical study considering the moderating effect of gender

Abstract Work from home (WFH) arrangements may provide an opportunity to reduce gender gaps in labor market outcomes by reducing the gender differences in the willingness to commute. Using a stated-preference experiment among German employees, we estimate workers’ valuation of working from home and its impact on willingness-to-pay to avoid commuting by gender after the end of the COVID pandemic. We show that workers are willing to give up 7.7% of their earnings for full WFH and 5.4% for 2-day WFH on average. The willingness-to-pay for WFH steeply increases with commuting distance, in line with WFH reducing the need for long commutes for many workers. Importantly, we find that WFH reduces, but does not close, the gender gap in willingness-to-pay to avoid commuting. This result is unaffected by accounting for underage children in the household. This suggests that hopes of technology closing the gender wage gap are premature. 

pdf/working-from-home-commuting-and-gender-yk301l9blg.pdf

Working from home, commuting, and gender

This literature study focuses on work from home and employee productivity. The strategy used is using the SLR as an instrument for searching research data, then bibliometric literature as a data processor which is analyzed by the VOSviewer software. VOSviewer software analysis techniques are used to analyze articles that have been collected through the Scopus database which are taken as researchers' references. The findings of these articles were referenced from 2013 to 2023 with a total of 547 articles, and only 161 articles were analyzed. Then the scientists continued to clarify the description of the results by using the VOSviewer software in examining co-authorship, co-accurance and citation. This literature study, in totality, presents a more accurate bibliographical objective for future researchers according to the themes discussed. Work from home (WFH) is a work process that is flexible and automatic and provides flexibility for employees to work using telecommuting, teleworking and remote work by utilizing modern digital technology tools as a bridge to work. Work from home (WFH) can be done by all men and women, from 25 to 60 years old. Working flexibly in the "New Normal" focuses on employee work productivity in the potential to work from home more towards working in a work life balance (WLB) which aims to balance work responsibilities and balance life time so as to reduce emotional fatigue from work stress, impact on performance satisfaction whose results affect the size of the wage/salary by obtaining work rewards from the company. 

pdf/systematic-literature-review-dan-analisis-bibliometrik-4g3q6oi7kn.pdf

Systematic Literature Review Dan Analisis Bibliometrik Pengaruh Work From Home (WFH) Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The Role of Technology in Reducing the Gender Gap in Productivity

This study estimates the contribution of gendered social norms in explaining the gender gap in productivity of unorganised manufacturing firms. Restrictions on mobility and burden of household work mean that female firm-owners primarily operate from their household premises. Using data from unorganised firms operating in the manufacturing sector in India, this paper finds gender gap in firm productivity. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition at mean show that despite controlling for size of the firm, assets and other conventional factors, the location of a female proprietary firm within the household premises of the owner explains 19% of the observed gender gap in productivity. The RIF decomposition results show that at the different quartiles, this contribution varies from 19 to 36% of the composition effect. The evidence suggests that the persistence of the gender gap in firm productivity is associated with the persistence of gendered social norms. Almost 95% of female owned firms in the unorganised manufacturing sector in India operate from within the household premises, due to prevalent gendered social norms. These norms put the responsibility of unpaid household work solely on women and impose mobility restrictions. This paper examines whether restrictive social norms contribute towards the gender gap in firm productivity. I find that that the location of these firms within the household restricts them from expanding, as well as contribute to prevalent the gender gap in productivity and incomes generated from proprietary firms operating in the unorganised manufacturing sector. Newer policies supporting women’s mobility and paid work that supplement conventional policies to improve entrepreneurship are required. However, as social norms involve coordinated actions and fear of sanction in case of noncompliance, these policies would work effectively if they are targeted towards both genders and entire neighbourhoods. 

/pdf/the-penalty-of-work-from-home-gender-gap-in-productivity-of-1e0a5mn9.pdf

The penalty of work from home: gender gap in productivity of unorganised manufacturing firms in India

It has been empirically observed that reserving seats for leaders belonging to disadvantaged social groups at the local level improves targeting of household public goods to households belonging to these groups. However, it is not clear whether a similar result holds for the allocation of village public goods that have limited spillover effects across households in a village, such as repair and maintenance of access roads to households, streetlights, sewer lines, etc. The present paper uses locational data collected from a sample of Indian villages and applies spatial econometrics to test whether political reservations for elected representatives increase allocations to households belonging to the reserved community, especially when they are in the minority. The results show that for certain types of village public goods, political reservations produce favourable allocations for the reserved community when locational clustering of the communities is present.

Allocation of village public goods at community level: does political reservation help?

Political Reservation and Allocation of Household Public Goods for Backward Communities

We study the association between social connections of Muslim households and their access to welfare benefits distributed by local governments in rural West Bengal. Using household data from selected villages in West Bengal, we find that Muslim households with higher outdegree centrality are associated with 2 percentage points probability of receiving a higher fraction of benefits from the local government than Hindu households with similar networks. This association is positive and significant for the benefits under housing and toilets. However, for the allocation of work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Hindu households with larger networks obtain more benefits. The results show that poorer Muslim households with a larger spread of network are associated with receiving more benefits.

Welfare Benefits and Personal Connections in a Democracy: The Case of Muslims in West Bengal

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The penalty of work from home: gender gap in productivity of unorganised manufacturing firms in India

Allocation of village public goods at community level: does political reservation help?

Political Reservation and Allocation of Household Public Goods for Backward Communities

Welfare Benefits and Personal Connections in a Democracy: The Case of Muslims in West Bengal