As the fastest mode of transport, the aircraft is a major driver for globalization and economic growth. The development of alternative advanced liquid fuels is critical to sustainable development within the sector. Such fuels should be compatible with existing infrastructure and derived from second generation feedstocks to avoid competition with food markets. With properties similar to petroleum based fuels, isoprenoid derived compounds such as limonene, bisabolane, farnesane, and pinene dimers are of increasing interest as "drop-in" replacement jet fuels. In this review potential isoprenoid derived jet fuels and progress toward their microbial production was discussed in detail. Although substantial advancements have been achieved, the use of first generation feedstocks remains ubiquitous. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant raw material available for biofuel production, however, technological constraints associated with its pretreatment and saccharification hinder its economic feasibility for low-value commodity production. Non-conventional microbes with novel characteristics including cellulolytic bacteria and fungi capable of highly efficient lignocellulose degradation and xylose fermenting oleaginous yeast with enhanced lignin-associated inhibitor tolerance were investigated as alternatives to traditional model hosts. Finally, innovative bioprocessing methods including consolidated bioprocessing and sequential bioreactor approaches, with potential to capitalize on such unique natural capabilities were considered.

/pdf/sustainable-production-of-microbial-isoprenoid-derived-1qekm7ixn9.pdf

Sustainable Production of Microbial Isoprenoid Derived Advanced Biojet Fuels Using Different Generation Feedstocks: A Review.

Screening of cellulose degradation bacteria from Min pigs and optimization of its cellulase production

The purpose of this study was to isolate lignin-degrading bacteria from buffalo rumen and to explore their interactions further. Using lignin as the carbon source, three bacteria, B-04 (Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium), B-11 (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and B-45 (Bacillus sonorensis), which have shown lignin degradation potential, were successfully isolated and identified from the rumen fluid of buffalo by colony morphology, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and biochemical and physiological analyses. The degradation rates of lignin were determined, and the maximum values were 4.86%, 11.1%, and 7.68% for B-04, B-11, and B-45, respectively. The maximum laccase activities were 0.65, 0.93, and 1.15 U/ml, while the maximum lignin peroxidase activities were 5.72, 8.29, and 18.69 U/ml, respectively. Pairwise interaction studies showed inhibitory interaction between B-04 and B-45, inhibitory interaction between B-04 and B-11, and symbiotic interaction between B-11 and B-45. This is the first report on the lignin degradation ability of bacteria isolated from the buffalo's rumen, which provides a new understanding for revealing the mechanism of roughage tolerance of buffalo.

Isolation, characterization, and interaction of lignin-degrading bacteria from rumen of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Aims: This study aimed to assess the risk of reproductive tract contamination in Aceh cattle by Escherichia fergusonii as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of preputial swab samples. Methodology and results: Preputial swabs taken from 50 breeding bulls at the Indrapuri Breeding and Forage Center of Aceh Cattle, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, were examined for the presence of bacteria. Samples were streaked on MacConkey agar and incubated under aerobic conditions at 37 °C for 24 h. Smooth, yellowor rose-colored colonies were selected for their characteristic appearance and subjected to further analysis. Genetic identification was based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR analysis. We conducted a 16S rRNA sequence similarity search with GenBank using BLAST and constructed neighbour-joining dendrograms using MEGA. From among closely related species of the genus Enterobacteriaceae, we identified the enteric bacterium E. fergusonii as having the highest sequence similarity. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: We concluded that the E. fergusonii bacterium positively presence in preputial swab samples of clinically healthy Aceh cattle population. Accordingly, it is potentially allowing the bacterium to be spread during natural mating or semen collection processing for artificial insemination in cattle breeding farm.

Escherichia fergusonii identified in preputial swabs from healthy Aceh cattle by phylogenetic 16S rRNA analysis.

The phyllosphere, defined as the aerial parts of plants, is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth. The microorganisms present on the phyllosphere can have several interactions with the plant. The phyllosphere represents then a unique niche where microorganisms have evolved through time in that stressful environment and may have acquired the ability to degrade lignocellulosic plant cell walls in order to survive to oligotrophic conditions. The dynamic lignocellulolytic potential of two phyllospheric microbial consortia (wheat straw and wheat bran) has been studied. The microbial diversity rapidly changed between the native phyllospheres and the final degrading microbial consortia after 48 h of culture. Indeed, the initial microbial consortia was dominated by the Ralstonia (35·8%) and Micrococcus (75·2%) genera for the wheat bran and wheat straw whereas they were dominated by Candidatus phytoplasma (59%) and Acinetobacter (31·8%) in the final degrading microbial consortia respectively. Culturable experiments leading to the isolation of several new lignocellulolytic isolates (belonging to Moraxella and Atlantibacter genera) and metagenomic reconstruction of the microbial consortia highlighted the existence of an unpredicted microbial diversity involved in lignocellulose fractionation but also the existence of new pathways in known genera (presence of CE2 for Acinetobacter, several AAs for Pseudomonas and several GHs for Bacillus in different metagenomes‐assembled genomes). The phyllosphere from agricultural co‐products represents then a new niche as a lignocellulolytic degrading ecosystem.

https://academic.oup.com/lambio/article-pdf/74/6/840/48735016/lambio0840.pdf

Culturable and metagenomic approaches of wheat bran and wheat straw phyllosphere’s highlight new lignocellulolytic microorganisms

The antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae has become a global health concern, leading in a reduction in the efficacy of various medications. This study seeks to determine the antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae isolated from cats hospitalized in Depok veterinary clinics. Surveys, sample collection, isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing comprised the research technique. Seven K. pneumoniae isolates were discovered. There were seven cefotaxime resistant isolates, three amoxicillin resistant isolates, one gentamicin resistant isolate, and one enrofloxacin resistant strain. At the same concentration, one isolate shown intermediate susceptibility to amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline. Sensitivity was demonstrated by six gentamicin isolates, six doxycycline isolates, five enrofloxacin isolates, and three amoxicillin isolates. This information should help veterinarians choose the best efficient antibiotic to treat infections caused by these bacteria.

Resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae to antibiotics of cat treated at animal clinic

Beta-lactam antibiotics are important antibiotics that are widely used in the field of human and animal health. Ampicillin resistance has been widely reported. Another increase in resistance is 3rd generation cephalosporins. The purpose of this study was to compare the ampicillin resistance profiles in 2019 and 2021 in the same E. coli isolates and to determine the resistance profiles of ampicillin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime in live chicken E. coli. The research stages were the preparation of isolates; culture on differential selective media and checking the uniformity of bacterial cell morphology; biochemical test; bacterial DNA extraction; uspA gene amplification; visualization of amplification results; manufacture of bacterial suspensions; Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion resistance test; measurement of inhibition zones and determination of isolate status; and compared the ampicillin resistance test data. All isolates were confirmed positive for E. coli. The uspA gene (884 bp) was detected in all isolates. Ampicillin resistance in 2019 and 2021 in the same E. coli isolates when compared, there was no difference. Resistance test showed E. coli was resistant to ampicillin (100%), ceftazidime (15.4%), and cefotaxime (64.5%). The conclusion of the study was that there was no difference between the ampicillin resistance in 2019 and 2021 in E. coli isolates. Escherichia coli in this study had the highest resistance profile to ampicillin, followed by cefotaxime, and the lowest was ceftazidime.

Resistance of Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, and Cefotaxime in Poultry’s Escherichia coli

Antibiotic resistance is currently an important problem in the field of animal and human health. The main triggering factor for the incidence of bacterial resistance is wisdom in the use of antibiotics. Handling cases of bacterial infections in cats still make antibiotics be the main choice. One of the antibiotics that is still used in cases of bacterial infection in cats is gentamicin. The use of this antibiotic is oriented towards treating ear infections (otitis). Bacteria that are often found as the cause of otitis cases come from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Resistance to bacteria in the ear cavity can occur through uncontrolled use of antibiotics or interactions with other bacteria that are resistant. Interactions between bacteria that cause the transfer of genetic material carrying resistant traits have been widely reported in Gram-negative bacteria through plasmid intermediaries. Body licking behavior in cats allows interactions between bacteria from different habitats, especially Escherichia coli from the digestive tract. Escherichia coli has been reported to have developed resistance in various animals and humans. The study aimed to measure the resistance level of Escherichia coli isolated from cats to gentamicin. The method used in this research is disk diffusion Kirby-Bauer. The results of this study show that 56 samples of cat rectal swab are isolated from Escherichia coli and confirmed by biochemical tests. There are 11 samples (19.64%) showing resistance and 45 (80.36%) susceptible samples. These results indicate that gentamicin can still be one of the antibiotics choice in the treatment of cases of Escherichia coli infection in both the ear cavity and digestive tract..

Gentamicin Resistance on Escherichia coli Isolated from Cats

Mamalia laut memainkan peran ekologis penting di lautan, dan menjadi prioritas global karena kepekaan terhadap perubahan lingkungan. Lumba-lumba hidung botol (Tursiops aduncus) merupakan salah satu mamalia laut yang tersebar luas di Indonesia. Informasi mengenai mikrobioma masih sangat sedikit diketahui, terutama informasi mengenai mikrobioma fungi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi kelimpahan fungi kelas Dothideomycetes pada saluran pencernaan khususnya usus lumba-lumba hidung botol (Tursiops aduncus) dengan menggunakan Platform Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi 6 genera dari 4 ordo yang yang meliputi Neodevriesia, Altenaria, Stemphylium, Phaeophleospora, Diplodia dan Venturia. Kelompok Neodevriesia adalah yang paling mendominasi sebesar 62%, diikuti Alternaria 16% dan Phaeophleospora 14%. Fungi yang tidak teridentifikasi mencapai 5%. Kelimpahan fungi pada usus lumba-lumba hidung botol (Tursiops aduncus) diasumsikan memiliki korelasi dengan lingkungan dan makanan lumba-lumba pada pusat konservasi.

Kelimpahan Fungi Kelas Dothideomycetes Pada Lumba-lumba Hidung Botol (Tursiops aduncus)

Septicemia epizootica (SE) is a common fatal systemic disease in cattle and buffalo due to Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 in South and Southeast Asia countries, including Indonesia. This infectious agent is generally considered an opportunistic pathogen and located in the nasopharynx of the animal. To support the disease’s diagnosis, an acceptable identification procedure must be established. This study was to confirm bovine P. multocida isolate that has been identified through biochemical approaches at the first step, with the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The isolate was obtained from the fatal outbreak of cattle in Kupang in 2016 and subjected to be identified using biochemical characterization, but it was time consumed. The API 20NE was applied to identify the isolate and help to save time. The PCR result showed positive for 16 sRNA and kmt genes, both were classified as specific genes, and the capsular serotype was detected in less than 24 hours. It indicates that PCR confirms biochemical technique, and it is an appropriate and faster method in detecting pathogen agents than biochemical one.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012046

Polymerase chain reaction to confirm biochemically characterization method of Pasteurella multocida isolate from fatal cases of Septicaemia epizootica in Nusa Tenggara Timur

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