Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

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Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

Mechanically alloyed nanocomposites

The mechanical and microstructural properties of 316L stainless steel (SS) fabricated via Direct Laser Deposition (DLD), a laser-based additive manufacturing method, are presented and compared with those of conventionally-built counterparts. Using a Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS ® ) DLD system, the time interval between successive layer deposits, or inter-layer/idle time, for fabricating cylindrical specimens vertically-upward was varied by building either one or nine samples per build plate – thus increasing total assembly volume per build. Subsequently, the effect of thermal history, as well as heat treatment, on microstructural (i.e. grain size and morphology) and mechanical (i.e. tensile, compression, and microhardness) properties of DLD parts were investigated. Results indicate that the DLD 316L SS samples produced herein have a higher yield and ultimate tensile strength relative to their cast and wrought forms. Furthermore, the thermal history, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of DLD 316L SS are shown to be dependent on the time interval between deposits. Longer local time intervals result in higher cooling rates, leading to finer microstructures, higher/uniform strength and lower elongation to failure. In addition, porosity and less integral metallurgical bonds are found to be more prevalent in locations further upward from the build plate due to reduced laser penetration depths (e.g. previous-layer remelting decreases). Conversely, parts manufactured with shorter time intervals were found to possess a coarser microstructure, lower strength and higher elongation to failure – attributable to lower cooling rates caused by an increased bulk temperature in the part. These results may aid in future design and control of more efficient, constant-power DLD processes – especially with regard to building multiple and/or larger parts; an approach desirable for minimizing small-to-medium lot production times.

Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses: Glass formation, fabrication, properties and applications

In this article, a novel method has been used to prepare a copper matrix nanocomposite containing Cu-10 wt pct Cr-10 wt pct Al2O3 by heat treatment of the mechanically activated Cu, Al, and Cr2O3 powder mixture. Structural evolutions were investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The microstructure of samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that during the milling process, Cu(Al) solid solution and Cu9Al4 phase were formed as the intermediate products, and therefore, Al activity was decreased. Hence, the reduction of Cr2O3 with Al was prevented during the ball milling stage. Further heat treatment carried out under argon atmosphere at 900 °C for 8 hours resulted in completion of Cr2O3 reduction by Al.

In-Situ Synthesis of Cu/Cr-Al2O3 Nanocomposite by Mechanical Alloying and Heat Treatment

The wettability and corrosion behaviour of titanium nitride by liquid steel has been studied. Due to its thermodynamic stability and low solubility in liquid iron, TiN has a good resistance to corrosion by liquid steel. However, its good wettability promotes adhesion to steel. Also, the effects of BN and AlN addition to TiN on the wetting parameters and the mechanisms of the ceramic corrosion by liquid steel have been investigated.

Wettability and corrosion of TiN, TiN–BN and TiN-AlN by liquid steel

In this study, MoSi 2 –Al 2 O 3 nano-composite powder was prepared by mechanical alloying. Mixture of MoO 3 , Si and Al powders was exposed to high energy ball milling. Phase compositions and structural evolutions during milling were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology of the milled powders was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Within short milling times [15, 25 and 60 minutes in ball to powder weight ratios (BPR) of 35:1, 20:1 and 10:1, respectively], a combustion process occurred within the milling powder and the process mechanism was characterized to be mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (MASHS) type. From XRD results it was found that during the combustion process, MoO 3 was completely reduced with Al and the resulting Mo reacted with Si to produce molybdenum disilicide and eventually a MoSi 2 –Al 2 O 3 nano-composite powder formed within a short period of time. Further milling resulted in reduced mean crystallite sizes and increased lattice micro strain in the product phases. After 30 hours of milling in BPR of 35:1, the mean crystallite sizes were found to be 10, 9 and 11 nm for Al 2 O 3 , α-MoSi 2 and β-MoSi 2 , respectively. Also, effect of stearic acid addition as a Process Control Agent (PCA) was studied and the results showed that its usage postpones the reaction initiation and reduces mean crystallite sizes.

Preparation of MoSi2–Al2O3 nano-composite via MASHS route

Structural investigation on nano-crystalline Cu–Cr supersaturated solid solution prepared by mechanical alloying

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Papers

In-Situ Synthesis of Cu/Cr-Al2O3 Nanocomposite by Mechanical Alloying and Heat Treatment

Wettability and corrosion of TiN, TiN–BN and TiN-AlN by liquid steel

Preparation of MoSi2–Al2O3 nano-composite via MASHS route

Structural investigation on nano-crystalline Cu–Cr supersaturated solid solution prepared by mechanical alloying