Introduction: A hydrocele is defined as the pathological buildup of serous fluid in the pelvis and groin due to various etiologies such as diseases or trauma. It has distinct clinical manifestations, particularly discomfort and psychosocial distress. Understanding the anatomy, embryology, and physiology associated with hydrocele formation is crucial to understand its onset and progression. Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE® search was conducted using keywords for the relevant classification of hydrocele and its etiology, complications, sexual barriers, evaluation, and management. Results: Appropriately classifying the hydrocele as primary, secondary communicating, secondary noncommunicating, microbe-induced, inflammatory, iatrogenic, trauma-induced, tumor-induced, canal of Nuck, congenital, and giant is important for identifying the underlying etiology. Often this process is overlooked when the classification or etiology is too rare. A focused evaluation is important for this, so that timely management can be provided. We comprehensively review the classifications, etiology, and secondary complications of hydrocele. Pitfalls of current diagnostic techniques are explored along with recommended methods for accurate diagnosis and current treatment options. Conclusion: Due to the range of classifications and etiologies of hydrocele in the pelvis and groin, a deliberate differential diagnosis is essential to avoiding imminent life-threatening complications as well as providing the appropriate treatment.

/pdf/classifying-hydroceles-of-the-pelvis-and-groin-an-overview-2y5o19obp1.pdf

Classifying Hydroceles of the Pelvis and Groin: An Overview of Etiology, Secondary Complications, Evaluation, and Management

Objective: To assess semen analysis, testicular volume, and hormone levels in fertile and infertile patients with varicoceles and fertile mien without varicoceles. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): Patients were divided into three groups: fertile mien with varicoceles (n = 79), infertile men with vatricoceles (n = 71), and fertile men without varicoceles (n = 217). Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Levels of LH, FSH, and total T and testicular volume in fertile and infertile men with varicoceles and fertile controls without varicoceles. Result(s): LH (IU/L) and T (ng/dl) levels were not statistically different across the three groups. FSH levels were significantly higher in infertile men with varicoceles (7.8 ± 7.6 IU/L) than in the fertile men with varicoceles (3.5 ± 2.1 IU/L) or in fertile men without varicoceles (3.5 ± 1.9 IU/L). The right testicle was smaller in infertile patients with varicoceles (18.7 ± 8.3 cm 3 ) than in fertile men with varicoceles (25.2 ± 13 cm 3 ) or in fertile men without varicoceles (24.9 ± 10.7 cm 3 ). In addition, the left testicle was smaller in infertile men with varioceles (17.6 ± 8.9 cm 3 ) than in fertile men with varicoceles (21.6 ± 7.8 cm 3 ) or in fertile men without varicoceles (23.4 ± 8.3 cm 3 ). Sperm concentration was lower in infertile men with varicoceles (33.7 ± 23.3 × 10 6 /mL) than in fertile men with varicoceles (101.8 ± 76.6 × 10 6 /mL) or in fertile men without varicoceles (111.8 ± 74.2 × 10 6 /mL). In addition, sperm motility was lower in infertile men with varicoceles (37.2% ± 23.9%) than in fertile men with varicoceles (53.9% ± 17.4%) or fertile men without varicoceles (58.9% ± 15.8%). Conclusion(s): Infertile patients with varicoceles have higher levels of FSH, smaller testes, and lower sperm concentration and motility compared with controls with or without varicoceles. No statistical differenoes were seen in the variables evaluated among the fertile men with incidental varicoceles detected at physical examination and those without varicoceles.

Semen profile, testicular volume, and hormonal levels in infertile patients with varicoceles compared with fertile men with and without varicoceles

Background Ultrasound is the main requested technique for the assessment of traumatic, vascular, neoplastic, and inflammatory testicular pathology. Moreover, the role of ultrasound has broadened over the years along with the introduction of new techniques, such as contrast enhanced ultrasound and ultrasound elastography. Objective An updated representation of the pre-existing Literature evidence for multiparametric ultrasound imaging with particular regard to elastography, in the evaluation of focal and diffuse testicular pathologies, has been presented. Methods The search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases from the earliest available article (1977) until January 2021. Based on the evidence of the Literature, the current role of US imaging for focal and diffuse testicular pathologies has been reported and illustrated, with emphasis on examination technique, classification, and pitfalls. Results Multiparametric Ultrasound has a recognized role for testicle focal and diffuse disease. Elastography is nowadays recognized as an essential part of the multiparametric ultrasound examination. However, in the setting of testicular pathology this method showed some promising results in the setting of varicocoele and for focal lesions characterization. In the remaining field its role is still under debate. Discussion B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound have been for a long time the diagnostic gold standard for testicular pathologies. The introduction of both contrast enhanced ultrasound and elastography in the last two decades has brought to the emergence of the multiparametric ultrasound concept. These methods are currently able to increase diagnostic confidence especially for testicular lesions characterization, with different relevance depending on the pathology under consideration. Conclusion Multiparametric ultrasound testis assessment, with specific regard to elastography is nowadays recommended for focal and diffuse disease evaluation. Further and larger studies are however needed to validate these results and to understand if the role of elastography in testicular pathology may be broadened.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/andr.13067

Role of multiparametric ultrasound in testicular focal lesions and diffuse pathology evaluation, with particular regard to elastography: Review of literature.

This study aimed to evaluate the levels of sex hormones in patients with COVID‐19 in Ahvaz, Iran.

Effect of COVID‐19 infection on sex hormone levels in hospitalized patients: A prospective longitudinal study in Iran

The aim of this article is to review the utility of elastography in the day-to-day clinical practice of the urologist. An electronic database search was performed on PubMed and Cochrane Library with a date range between January 2000 and December 2021. The search yielded 94 articles that passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles were reviewed and discussed by organ, pathology and according to the physical principle underlying the elastographic method. Elastography was used in the study of normal organs, tumoral masses, chronic upper and lower urinary tract obstructive diseases, dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract and the male reproductive system, and as a pre- and post-treatment monitoring tool. Elastography has numerous applications in urology, but due to a lack of standardization in the methodology and equipment, further studies are required.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/7/1727/pdf?version=1658134535

Elastography in the Urological Practice: Urinary and Male Genital Tract, Prostate Excluded—Review

COVID-19 is a new global pandemic. It can affect multiple body systems and functions. However, the relationship between COVID-19 and male sexual activity did not yet get much consideration. Herein, we report the impact of COVID-19 on sexual function in 3 men who recovered from the disease. Compared with their condition before catching the infection, the men showed, in different degrees, a decline in all aspects of sexual function as assessed by the international index of erectile function. They started to develop premature ejaculation or exacerbate an already existing condition according to the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool scoring. Beck's depression inventory revealed deterioration of the men's moods up to severe depression. The sex-related hormones (testosterone-total and free, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and estradiol) of these men were within normal levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report documenting deleterious changes in mood and several aspects of sexual functioning in males after recovery from the COVID-19 using validated measurement tools. Follow-up and psychological support of the recovered men may help mend their moods and consequently upgrade their sexual functioning.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/11795476211020593

COVID-19 and Male Sexual Functioning: A report of 3 Recovered Cases and Literature Review

Introduction
Hydrocele development is the most common complication after varicocele repair. The beginning of this kind of hydrocele is variable. The shortest reported onset is one week. In the present report we describe an unusual immediate onset of hydrocele formation following varicocele repair. This represents the first report of a harsh hydrocele onset in the literature.

/pdf/immediate-development-of-post-varicocelectomy-hydrocele-a-109voxsmxt.pdf

Immediate development of post-varicocelectomy hydrocele: a case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVES To evaluate testes in patients with varicocele using real-time strain elastography and to correlate the results with the patients' clinical, seminal, and hormonal profiles. METHODS Fifty patients with left varicocele and 20 age-matched control participants were included in the study. All participants were evaluated via a historical interview, clinical examination, including testicular volume and varicocele grade, hormonal assay (total and free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone), computer-assisted semen analysis, and testicular assessment using real-time strain elastography to define the strain ratio and elasticity score. RESULTS Testicular volume and sperm parameters were significantly lower (P < .001), whereas the follicle-stimulating hormone level, strain ratio, and elasticity score were significantly higher (P < .01; P < .001; P < .001, respectively), in the varicocele group. Other hormone levels in the endocrine profile were not significantly different between the groups. Significant negative correlations were found between the elasticity score and testicular volume and the percentage of normal forms (P = .029; P = .005). The varicocele grade showed significant positive correlations with both the strain ratio and elasticity score (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations were found between real-time strain elastography and the testicular volume, varicocele grade, and sperm morphologic characteristics. Real-time strain elastography is a simple, noninvasive investigative modality that can potentially be used to study the structure and function of the testicular tissue in varicocele.

Evaluation of Normal and Varicocele-Bearing Testes Using Real-time Strain Elastography.

Purpose:To report the different patterns of estradiol levels in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia and correlate these levels with their clinical and laboratory findingsMaterials and m

Serum estradiol levels in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is an uncommon systemic auto-inflammatory disease. It can affect multiple body organs. Herein, we report the reproductive hormone and semen profiles in a male with AOSD. A 23-year-old male with already diagnosed and controlled AOSD requested a premarital check-up on his fertility potential. He was kept on a maintenance treatment protocol for the disease including prednisolone, methotrexate, folic acid, and vitamin D3. His reproductive hormones and semen profiles were found normal. The questionable enhancing effects of the different elements of the treatment protocol on the tested reproductive indices were discussed and refuted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the impact of AOSD on male fertility potential which was not deleterious in the reported case.

/pdf/normal-male-reproductive-hormones-and-sperm-parameters-in-506iqnvt83.pdf

Normal Male Reproductive Hormones And Sperm Parameters In Adult-Onset Still’s Disease- A Case Report And Literature Review

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Saeed Blgozah

Author Tools

Chat about Author