The Baseline Values and Assumptions Document (BVAD) provides analysts, modelers, and other life support researchers with a common set of values and assumptions which can be used as a baseline in their studies. This baseline, in turn, provides a common point of origin from which many studies in the community may depart, making research results easier to compare and providing researchers with reasonable values to assume for areas outside their experience. With the ability to accurately compare different technologies' performance for the same function, managers will be able to make better decisions regarding technology development.

/pdf/life-support-baseline-values-and-assumptions-document-54c4xfu94q.pdf

Life Support Baseline Values and Assumptions Document

The use of plants for bioregenerative life support for space missions was first studied by the US Air Force in the 1950s and 1960s. Extensive testing was also conducted from the 1960s through the 1980s by Russian researchers located at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, and the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow. NASA initiated bioregenerative research in the 1960s (e.g., Hydrogenomonas) but this research did not include testing with plants until about 1980, with the start of the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Program. The NASA CELSS research was carried out at universities, private corporations, and NASA field centers, including Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The project at KSC began in 1985 and was called the CELSS Breadboard Project to indicate the capability for plugging in and testing various life support technologies; this name has since been dropped but bioregenerative testing at KSC has continued to the present under the NASA s Advanced Life Support (ALS) Program. A primary objective of the KSC testing was to conduct pre-integration tests with plants (crops) in a large, atmospherically closed test chamber called the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC). Test protocols for the BPC were based on observations and growing procedures developed by university investigators, as well as procedures developed in plant growth chamber studies at KSC. Growth chamber studies to support BPC testing focused on plant responses to different carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, different spectral qualities from various electric lamps, and nutrient film hydroponic culture techniques.

Crop Production for Advanced Life Support Systems: Observations from the Kennedy Space Center Breadboard Project

A study of volatile organic compounds evolved in urban waste disposal bins

Life support approaches for Mars missions.

Livestock keeping is increasingly becoming more popular in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. However, lack of feed is a real challenge. Inadequatefeed supply in urban areas is due to many interacting factors, which include among others land shortage, high cost of feeds, climate risks and poor quality of feeds. The objective of this study was to identify and examine the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by livestock farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda to cope with feed scarcity. A total of 120 livestock farmers from Kampala were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Dairy cattle (48.3%) and chickens (37.5%) were the most common species, followed by pigs (34.2%), goats (26.7%) and sheep (3.3%). Farm size was generally small both in terms of herd size and total landholding. Cattle and pig farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala ranked feed scarcity as their first major constraint, while chicken farmers had high cost of feeds. These farmers have adopted several strategies for coping with feed scarcity. Among the major coping strategies adopted were: changing of feed resources based on availability and cost (37.5%), purchasing of feed ingredients in bulk (29.7%), using crop/food wastes (26.6%), harvesting of forages growing naturally in open access lands (23.4%) and reducingherd size (17.2%). However, most of the coping strategies adopted were largely aimed at dealing with the perennial challenge of feed scarcity on a day-by-day basis rather than dealing with it using sustainable and long-term strategies.

https://www.jarts.info/index.php/jarts/article/download/2012092441842/197

Strategies for coping with feed scarcity among urban and peri-urban livestock farmers in Kampala, Uganda

Asssessment of Waste Processing Technologies for 3 Missions

Characterization of microbial and chemical composition of shuttle wet waste with permanent gas and volatile organic compound analyses.

Work defining advanced life support (ALS) technologies and evaluating their applicability to various long-duration missions has continued. Time-dependent and time-invariant costs have been estimated for a variety of life support technology options, including International Space Station (ISS) environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS) technologies and improved options under development by the ALS Project. These advanced options include physicochemical (PC) and bioregenerative (BIO) technologies, and may in the future include in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) in an attempt to reduce both logistics costs and dependence on supply from Earth. PC and bioregenerative technologies both provide possibilities for reducing mission equivalent system mass (ESM). PC technologies are most advantageous for missions of up to several years in length, while bioregenerative options are most appropriate for longer missions. ISRU can be synergistic with both PC and bioregenerative options.

Systems Analysis of Life Support for Long-Duration Missions

Microbiological sampling and analysis was performed on the wet waste returned from the STS-105 and STS-108 shuttle missions servicing the International Space Station (ISS). Samples were collected from a variety of materials including plate waste and associated food packaging (which composed the majority of the collected waste), sanitary waste, and loose liquid inside the waste container. Analyses of the microbial loads cultured on both selective and non-selective media and through total bacterial counts by acridine orange direct count (AODC) methods showed high microbial densities in the waste container liquid. Isolates identified included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli (E.coli). Dry and ash weights were collected for each sample to determine water and organic content of the materials. Wastes from shuttle flights will continue to be monitored for biostability to establish a baseline measure of waste content, labile organics, and microbial load. The objective is to define the waste stream content and possible stabilization and recovery technologies that may be adapted for long duration missions.

Biostability and Microbiological Analysis of Shuttle Crew Refuse

Impact of Waste Processing Options on System Closure and Mission ESM

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